Summary
The earthwork and below-ground remains of a Romano-British villa and temple, located either side of an Iron Age dyke. The monument illustrates the adaptation of Iron Age tribes to the Roman way of life after the Roman conquest.
Reasons for Designation
The Romano-British Villa, Temple and Iron Age Dyke on Berkhamsted Common are scheduled for the following principal reasons:
* Survival: the earthworks and masonry remains survive well and are clearly visible on lidar and on the ground;
* Period: the remains are highly representative of domestic Roman buildings with temples. Nationally a number of villas are found in conjunction with religious structures (temples or mausolea), indicating a common period of use;
* Period: the presence of an Iron Age dyke on this site highlights the romanisation of native communities during the Roman occupation of Britain;
* Potential: despite some excavation in 1927 and 1954, it is likely that buried evidence remains with a high potential to add to the knowledge and understanding of the development of settlements in Roman Britain;
* Diversity: the site contains evidence of domestic, religious and other structures and can contribute to our understanding of late Iron Age and Romano-British life.
History
Romano-British villas were extensive rural estates at the focus of which were groups of domestic, agricultural and occasionally industrial buildings. The term "villa" is now commonly used to describe either the estate or the buildings themselves. The buildings usually include a well-appointed dwelling house, the design of which varies considerably according to the needs, taste and prosperity of the occupier. Most of the houses were partly or wholly stone-built, many with a timber-framed superstructure on masonry footings.
Roofs were generally tiled and the house could feature tiled or mosaic floors, underfloor heating, wall plaster, glazed windows and cellars. Many had integral or separate suites of heated baths. The house was usually accompanied by a range of buildings providing accommodation for farm labourers, workshops and storage for agricultural produce. These were arranged around or alongside a courtyard and were surrounded by a complex of paddocks, pens, yards and features such as vegetable plots, granaries, threshing floors, wells and hearths, all approached by tracks leading from the surrounding fields. Villa buildings were constructed throughout the period of Roman occupation, from the C1 to C4 AD. They are usually complex structures occupied over several hundred years and continually remodelled to fit changing circumstances. They could serve a wide variety of uses alongside agricultural activities, including administrative, recreational and craft functions, and this is reflected in the considerable diversity in their plan.
The least elaborate villas served as simple farmhouses whilst, for the most complex, the term "palace" is not inappropriate. Villa owners tended to be drawn from a limited elite section of Romano-British society. Although some villas belonged to immigrant Roman officials or entrepreneurs, the majority seem to have been in the hands of wealthy natives with a more-or-less Romanised lifestyle, and some were built directly on the sites of Iron Age farmsteads.
Roman villa buildings are widespread, with between 400 and 1000 examples recorded nationally. The majority of these are classified as `minor' villas to distinguish them from `major' villas. The latter were a very small group of extremely substantial and opulent villas built by the very wealthiest members of Romano-British society. Minor villas are found throughout lowland Britain and occasionally beyond. Roman villas provide a valuable index of the rate, extent and degree to which native British society became Romanised, as well as indicating the sources of inspiration behind changes of taste and custom. In addition, they serve to illustrate the agrarian and economic history of the Roman province, allowing comparisons over wide areas both within and beyond Britain. As a very diverse and often long-lived type of monument, a significant proportion of the known population are identified as nationally important.
The Berkhamsted Common Romano-British villa, dyke and temple together form a unique complex reflecting occupation in the late Iron Age and Roman period. The villa and other components survive well, both as buried features and visible earthworks.
The villa was first discovered in 1927 when flint wall foundations and a tesselated pavement were found during the construction of a new green. Ten years later, further flint walls and tesselated pavements were found nearby.
In 1954 a limited survey and investigation of the site revealed three fairly substantial sections of flint wall, one at least 0.8m thick and another some 6m long. Finds recovered from the investigations included nails, iron slag, glass, pottery, brick and evidence of wattle and daub buildings. The finds mostly date to the second century AD, but some of the pottery is Belgic, which suggests two phases of settlement: later Iron Age (Belgic) occupation in the C1 BC, represented by the wattle and daub buildings, followed in the C2 AD by the Romano-British villa with its dressed flint walls.
The villa, temple and dyke were added to schedule of monuments in July 2003.
Details
PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS
The monument, which lies in three separate areas of protection, includes the upstanding and buried remains of a Romano-British villa complex, associated enclosures, and a temple, located to either side of a substantial linear earthwork or dyke crossing Berkhamsted Common.
DESCRIPTION
The visible remains of the main villa building lie in scrub and woodland, to the east of the sixth tee of Berkhamsted Golf Course, with associated earthwork enclosures extending to the south across areas of rough and fairway. The dyke and the temple are located on the practice range and fairway of the golf course approximately 100m and 200m respectively to the south-west of the associated enclosures.
The foundations of the villa are visible within a series of excavated hollows to the east of the sixth tee, where sections of wall can still be traced on the ground. These walls are constructed with dressed flints laid in regular courses in soft mortar containing small, sharp gravel, tile and brick. The full extent of the building remains undetermined, although the building walls, earthwork enclosures and former excavations provide an indication of its size.
Some 50m to the south of the main building lie a pair of conjoined rectangular enclosures, indicated by 0.5m-1m high boundary banks extending over an area of approximately 150m north west-south east by 85m. These are thought to represent compounds or stock pens associated with the operation of the villa.
The villa and contemporary enclosures are bounded to the south by a large dyke, aligned north west-south east. The dyke is visible over a distance of approximately 500m; it may have continued on further from either end, but if so, it can no longer be traced as an earthwork. It has a bank 0.3m to 1m high and 6m wide and a ditch to the south-west measuring 5m in width. The date of the dyke's construction, by analogy with similar earthworks in the Chilterns, is likely to be late Iron Age rather than Romano-British in origin, and therefore contemporary with the earlier occupation of the villa site.
The Romano-British temple is located about 50m south-west of the dyke, visible as a square double-ditched earthwork, approximately 30m in width with a central, slightly raised platform approximately 10m square. The temple can be detected at ground level from the slight impressions of the buried ditches, but shows clearly on aerial photographs as a crop and parch mark, the grass growing higher and more verdant over the ditches and conversely being stunted and pale over the foundations of masonry walls.
Archaeological deposits sealed below ground within the complex will greatly enhance our knowledge of the relationship between secular and religious structures in addition to contributing more generally to an understanding of life during the C2 AD. Such deposits will contain artefacts and environmental evidence which will illuminate the way of life of the Romano-British inhabitants of the Berkhamsted villa. Temple deposits may include votive artefacts, reflecting the particular cult practised. Animal bone and plant remains may also be preserved in buried deposits, the study of which will show the diet and farming regimes of the inhabitants.
EXCLUSIONS
The modern raised earthworks associated with the sixth tee of the golf course are excluded from the scheduling, although the ground beneath them is included.
EXTENT OF SCHEDULING
The site of the monument is shown on the attached map extract. It includes a 5m boundary around the archaeological features (except for where it adjoins a road), considered to be essential for the monument's support and preservation.
