Summary
Private school, comprising: the Old House (early C18, architect unknown); chapel and first school (1820-1823, HE Goodridge); school extension (1853-1854, CF Hansom); refectory and kitchen buildings (1872-1879, AM Dunn and EJ Hansom); south and west school ranges (1910-1912, LA Stokes); science wing (Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, 1932); Barlow House (Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, 1939); health centre (Brett, Boyd and Bosanquet, 1957-1958); Pollen classroom wing (F Pollen, 1968); plus alterations across all phases which are described below as appropriate.
Reasons for Designation
Downside School, which comprises nine principal phases of buildings from the early C18 to the 1960s, is listed at Grade II* for the following principal reasons:
Architectural interest:
* as an architectural ensemble of the highest order, by the most prominent Roman Catholic architects of their respective periods;
* for the consistent use of local materials, and good-quality architectural design, detailing and craftsmanship;
* the internal finishes and fittings in most of the buildings survive well, and are particularly notable in the Stokes block;
* whilst the school today is not the result of a coherent plan, the buildings relate well to each other and to the landscape, reflecting each architect’s sensitivities to the existing buildings and the site.
Historic interest:
* for the range of architectural styles represented across one site, from Early English to the New Brutalism, reflecting the fashions and tastes of their time;
* from the start, the school buildings commanded reverence from writers and critics, and Stokes’ designs were included in the ‘Architectural Review’ in 1912;
* for the value of the site to former pupils, some of which went on to contribute to the school’s architecture and design;
* for its historic relationship with Downside Abbey and its monastic community, from which the school originated.
Group value:
* as a group of interconnected and functionally-related buildings.
History
A congregation of Benedictine monks at St Gregory’s in Douai, France were compelled to leave their monastery in 1795 when Revolutionary France declared war on England. Seeking safety in England, the monks initially settled in Acton Burnell, Shropshire and from there sought a base to establish a new monastery and school. They acquired the Downside estate in 1814 for £7,300, at the centre of which was an early-C18 manor house known as Mount Pleasant which they adapted into a school and monastery, with a chapel on the ground floor serving both functions.
In the early 1820s designs the monks sought designed for new monastic buildings, first from John Tasker and then George Allen Underwood. As their designs did not find favour, the commission was eventually given to HE Goodridge of Bath (1797-1864). Goodridge’s Early English Gothic design of 1820 was intended to have the external appearance of a church with a ‘nave’ - a two-storey range housing classrooms and dormitories - and ‘transept’ - a smaller range at right angles housing a chapel over a library and refectory - forming a L shape. This new building connected at its east end to the manor house (now known as the Old House) which had its porch relocated to the south side on the principal elevation of the complex. The scheme was completed in 1823. The chapel served as the monastic church until the opening of the abbey in 1882, when the chapel became the school museum, and later a classroom and dormitory. The pinnacles on the chapel were removed in around 1910. The chapel reverted to ecclesiastical use for the school in 1933 when its decoration was much-simplified by Dom Hubert van Zeller, a renowned writer and sculptor.
Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin (1812-1852) was invited to prepare designs for larger and more suitable buildings for the school and monastery in 1838, succeeded by a second grander scheme in 1841. Both went unbuilt. In March 1846 Charles Francis Hansom (1817-1888) was invited by Dom Bernard Ullathorne to prepare a scheme including an abbey church, which was also not advanced. Eventually, a L-shaped extension to the west of Goodridge’s building was built to Hansom’s designs in 1854. An external passage was added between Goodridge and Hansom’s schemes in 1867.
Edward Joseph Hansom (1842-1900) worked in partnership with his father to design a steward’s house for the school in 1868. In 1871 EJ Hansom went into partnership with Archibald Dunn (1832-1917), and together they were responsible for the next phase of construction at Downside from April 1872, comprising a new school refectory with dormitories above and kitchen buildings to the east, connecting passages from the monastery to CF Hansom’s 1854 building, and the west and south monastery cloisters. Construction did not start until 1879. The works were commissioned and overseen by Revd William Petre (1847-1893; later Monsignor Lord Petre), an architectural enthusiast who was resident at Downside from 1874 to 1877. Many of the fittings in the refectory were funded by him, and he also established the Petre Library in the western part of Goodridge’s school building in 1876. The library was later moved to a hall known as the ‘Palace’ on the first floor of CF Hansom’s building.
Driven by a rapid rise in pupils under the headmastership of Dom Leander Ramsay, from 1907 the focus of building activity at Downside shifted from the abbey to the school. Ramsay chose Leonard A Stokes FRIBA (1858-1925) as the architect, who proposed a new building for 350 boys arranged around two large quadrangles, incorporating CF Hansom’s 1854 range but demolishing the Old House and Goodridge’s building. Only one-eighth of the scheme was eventually realised, sparing the earlier buildings. The design as built between 1910 and 1912 was an extension to the south of CF Hansom’s 1854 building and a range at right angles to the east, creating three sides of a courtyard with Goodridge’s building and chapel on the north side. The west range included a central entrance tower, Roberts Tower, named after St John Roberts (1577-1610), the first prior at Douai and a martyr of the Reformation. The three floors in each range represented recreation, teaching and sleeping: the ground-floor corridors had day rooms off, and the two dormitories on the top floor each contained only 24 beds, each with its own chest of drawers and mirror. The roofs of the two ranges were originally laid with silver-grey Riding tiles. In the 1920s a neo-Georgian extension was constructed at the north-east corner the Old House; it was possibly designed by George Drysdale.
In 1932 Sir Giles Gilbert Scott (1880-1960), whilst employed in the completion of the abbey church, designed a new science wing for the school. It extended from the west side of the Roberts Tower and then at a right angle to the south, forming three sides of a courtyard with Stokes’ west range. Scott also designed a three-storey extension to Stokes’ south range, Barlow House, in 1939.
By the 1950s new school buildings were needed. The first new building was an infirmary by Brett, Boyd and Bosanquet in 1957-1958 joined to the north of Scott’s science block. Between 1958 and 1961, the practice was responsible for further new buildings to the north and east of Old House; (not included in the List entry). In around 1968 Francis Pollen (1926-1987) designed a new classroom wing attached to the north-west of CF Hansom’s 1854 building. An upper storey and escape staircase were added in the later C20. The Old House was remodelled in the 1960s, including a new roof and modifications to the interior.
Details
Private school, comprising: the Old House (early C18, architect unknown); chapel and first school (1820-1823, HE Goodridge); school extension (1853-1854, CF Hansom); refectory and kitchen buildings (1872-1879, AM Dunn and EJ Hansom); south and west school ranges (1910-1912, LA Stokes); science wing (Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, 1932); Barlow House (Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, 1939); health centre (Brett, Boyd and Bosanquet, 1957-1958); Pollen classroom wing (F Pollen, 1968); plus alterations across all phases which are described below as appropriate.
MATERIALS: principally Mendip and Bath-stone rubble and ashlar stone. The CF Hansom phase has white lias walling; Stokes’ ranges have dressed Combe Down limestone and local rubble to the walls, with roofs of plain clay tiles. The science wing has a Cotswold tile roof, and roofs elsewhere are Welsh slate or tiled. Stokes’ ranges and those built in the post-war period have elements of structural reinforced-concrete.
PLAN: three sides of a quadrangle with ranges to the north (Old House, chapel and Goodridge building), west (CF Hansom phase, Roberts Tower, Stokes’ west range), and south (Stokes’ south range and Barlow House). To the north of CF Hansom’s phase are the refectory and kitchen buildings; and to its east is the Pollen classroom wing. To the west of Roberts Tower is the science wing with ranges north and west; with the health centre to the north of the latter. The school’s boundary with the monastic buildings is located in the north-west corner of the refectory block.
The school buildings are described below in broadly chronological order.
EXTERIOR
OLD HOUSE: the reconfigured manor house is three storeys with attics, five window bays wide, and has a double-depth plan. It is of dressed and coursed limestone with ashlar dressings and has a hipped slate roof with three C19 gabled dormers and a timber bracketed eaves cornice. The main elevation faces south and has a central porch with chamfered rustication and a keystone to the arched entrance. Timber sash windows are set within two-light stone mullion openings, with a continuous drip-mould on each storey. To the right of the porch, below the first-floor windows, is a teak sundial, installed in 1997. The east elevation of the house has a timber sash window on each floor and a single dormer, but is otherwise obscured by a three-storey 1920s extension, two bays wide on the south side and three bays on the east. It is of dressed and coursed limestone and has a single large red-brick chimney stack on the south side of the pitched slate roof. The north elevation of the Old House is a mixture of phases, with three C19 gabled roof-dormers, scattered fenestration with stone surrounds, and continuous drip-moulds interrupted by staircase windows in the central bay. The ground floor is hidden behind a mid-C20 glazed range. The west elevation of the Old House adjoins Goodridge’s chapel.
CHAPEL AND GOODRIDGE SCHOOL BUILDING: the buildings are Bath-stone ashlar with Welsh-slate roofs. The south elevation comprises the grand front of the chapel with tall buttresses and a large-triple window with a carved stone shield above. Below are four gabled niches with carved foliate decoration to their canopies. To the left of this is a single-storey porch, and to the left again six bays contain lancet windows with a continuous hood-mould, and above that a clerestorey with lancets with drip moulds. At the west end, an octagonal corner tower with lancet niches and a crenelated parapet terminates this building phase. To the west again is a Bath-stone ashlar open passageway with chamfered Tudor arches and a flat-roofed upper storey. The rear elevation of the chapel has undecorated lancet windows, and to the Goodridge building is a plain window elevation with a mid-C20 glazed range obscuring the ground floor.
CF HANSOM PHASE: the first extension to the school is of white lias with Bath-stone dressings under a pitched slate roof with decorative ridge cresting. The inverted L-shaped block is attached to the west of Goodridge’s building, and is of two storeys with attics, with roof-dormers to the north wing. The south elevation of the north wing is five bays wide, divided by buttresses. The projecting central bay has a stepped gable above a niche with a statue of St Gregory on the first floor and a four-light window to the ground floor. The east elevation of the west wing is of six paired bays divided by buttresses and has two chimney stacks. Within in the angle of the two wings is a cylindrical stair-turret with a louvred conical roof. The west elevation of the west wing is also of six bays: the left-hand bay is gabled with a canted two-storey bay window below; a central external stack; and the right-hand bay is gabled with a three-light window to the ground floor and stack above. Unless otherwise described, all windows to the two wings are paired pointed-lights with mullion and transoms. A further wing to the north of the north wing projects towards the kitchen yard; it is two-storey with a clay tile roof, dressed limestone walls, ashlar quoins and dressings. In turn this is attached on its east side to a mid-C20 dormitory wing.
GASQUET PASSAGE AND HALL: the passage is a plain single-storey range, connecting the school with the refectory. It is largely obscured externally by C20 extensions and a dormitory range added to the first-floor in the later C20. To the west is Gasquet Hall, a single-storey rubble-stone building with three, large windows with top-hung casements and a replacement slate roof.
REFECTORY BLOCK: this high-collegiate Perpendicular three-storey block was designed alongside the kitchen yard buildings (see below) by Dunn and Hansom; it was completed in 1876. It is of Bath-stone ashlar with a steeply-pitched slate roof. The north elevation faces the monastic library courtyard and is six bays east to west. The ground floor projects slightly and has a flat roof and small rectangular windows; lion gargoyles feed into lead rainwater hoppers. The six windows above are rectangular with a continuous hood-mould and a carved stone shield between each pair. Each window has cusped tracery with a dentilled transom. The second floor is slightly set-back and has full-dormer windows with plate tracery, each topped with a small finial. A short wing projects to the north, connecting the school to the monastic buildings. The east elevation is two bays wide, with two windows (as above) on the first floor, and a five-light window above with plate tracery. The south elevation has an ashlar post-war extension, three-bay-square, single storey and flat roofed, at ground level. Above this on the first floor are three two-light mullion and transom windows with a continuous hood-mould. A tall, twin-shafted chimney stack rises from the first floor, through a stringcourse with a carved Tudor-flower frieze, and between two large second-floor gables above. Each gable has a paired window with trefoil heads, and the right-hand gable has a grotesque finial and there are two further gargoyles to the left-hand gable. To the east of the gables is a prominent tower with a castellated parapet, stepped windows to the stair, and mullion and transom windows with diamond leaded glazing to the top floor, above which is a gargoyle at each angle. The west elevation is three-bays wide with a central stair-turret. Windows have plate tracery with mullions and transoms and continuous hood moulds. Both east and west gables are surmounted with a statue of an angel, and the kneelers have dog grotesques.
KITCHEN YARD BUILDINGS: this group of buildings primarily comprises a two-story range attached to the east of its contemporaneous refectory, but also two single-storey buildings, one of which is a former laundry. Designed with a domestic character, the principal building is of limestone ashlar with a red-tile roof and tri-shafted gable and axial stacks. It faces east and is five asymmetrical bays north to south: the central three bays have half dormers; the bay to the right has a large gable with a finial, a five-light bay window with hipped roof to the ground floor and five-light window above; and the bay to the left has a full hipped-roof dormer. All windows have mullions and transoms with metal or timber casements. To the west of this is a single-storey rendered lean-to, attached by a C20 extension to two three-storey buildings which connect to the refectory. The easterly block is of rock-faced limestone with half-dormers, whilst the western block has a gable end and is of dressed ashlar. Connected to north is a post-war concrete loading bay and ancillary buildings. To the south of the kitchen block, and connected to the Gasquet Passage, is a C19 single-storey building of coursed limestone ashlar with a clerestorey and a slate roof. It has a range of ten small rectangular windows with ashlar surrounds on the south elevation, and there are paired arched window openings to the east, above which are decorative timber bargeboards; this was probably the former laundry. Opposite this, to the south, is a further single-storey ancillary building of rock-faced limestone with a red-tile roof and single dormer. The west elevation is rendered and has a semi-circular timber window and steps up to the entrance which has a semi-circular bracketed porch hood. This building was probably associated with and may be contemporary to the tall, square, rock-faced limestone chimney to its south, built in around 1910 to Stokes’ designs. To the east of the kitchen yard is a detached post-war single-storey building with a two-storey bay at the east end.
STOKES RANGES AND ROBERTS TOWER: Stokes’ two coursed Combe Down rubble-stone ranges are in a stripped Jacobean style and join CF Hansom’s range on the west side of the quadrangle with the five-storey Roberts Tower. The tower is square in plan with corner buttresses and the principal elevation faces east. On the ground floor are two arched entrances with paired windows above and a four-light window between; the foundation stone, laid in 1910, is to the right. Above this within an ashlar panel are a further four windows, and statues of St Ambrose Barlow and St John Roberts carved by Abraham Broadbent (1868-1919). The second and third storeys each have five small windows, with a carved inscription at the top below a cornice. Above this is a further cornice with carved modillions. The tower’s parapet is stepped and is decorated with festoons. The two ranges are three storeys with attics. The west range is of four bays and the south five bays; on the north and east elevations each alternate bay comprises a four-light mullion and transom window with iron-framed windows to the ground and first floors, set in ashlar panels. Along the second floor is a range of two-light windows, and the attics have long ranges of windows with gabled dormers. The west and south elevations are broadly similar but have five-light windows and an additional slim bay to the right of the western gable end on the south elevation. At the centre of the south elevation at first-floor level is a statue. Window frames throughout the two ranges and tower are of iron, although some have been replaced with aluminium.
BARLOW HOUSE: this extension is attached to the east end of Stokes’ south range and is similar in design-intention but differing in detail. It is four-storeys with attics and of coursed rubble-stone. The two bays adjacent to the end of Stokes’ range on the north and south elevations have four iron-framed windows to each storey set in ashlar panels; a range of two-light windows to the fourth storey; and paired dormers above. The end bay on each elevation is gabled, three bays wide, with three windows within ashlar panels on each storey flanking two-light windows above an entrance doorway. Above this are three sets of paired windows on the north side, and a pair of four-light mullion and transom windows to the south. To the left of the gable on the south elevation is a slim bay, similar to Stokes’ design to the west, but with small, paired windows. The east elevation is of five bays, alternating two-lights and three-lights windows within ashlar surrounds, with two-light windows to the third storey and a continuous attic dormer above. Some of the iron window-frames have been replaced by aluminium.
SCIENCE WING: Scott’s science wing runs from the west side of Roberts Tower, and then south with a lower range. The walls are of coursed rubble-stone and the pitched roofs are tiled. The three-storey section adjacent to Roberts Tower is part of Stokes’ design and has the same window arrangement as his classroom ranges; both elevations have a carved figurative panel above the first-floor windows. To the west of this is a crenelated four-storey tower with a square-headed ground-floor tunnel opening with a moulded surround; a five-light mullion and transom window above flanked by pilaster buttresses with carved shields; and two and three paired-windows to the floors above. To the west of the tower the ground level rises, and the rest of the range is two-storeys high, divided into four unequal bays by pilaster buttresses, a two-light mullion and transom window in each bay, and nine paired windows on the upper floor. At the west end, from a further crenelated tower, a single-storey range extends south and is terminated by a further tower with two five-light mullion and transom windows. The west side of this range is framed by the south and north towers and has six four-light mullion and transom windows (one to the south tower). The north tower has a ground floor three-light mullion and transom window, a pair of windows to the left, and entrance to the right; a paired window above; and seven windows to the upper floor. Most of the windows in the science wing have many-paned leaded casements and are in pairs with mullions unless otherwise described.
HEALTH CENTRE: this post-war coursed rubble stone extension is attached to the north of Scott’s science wing. The west elevation is two storeys and has a shallow pitched roof with box-profile sheet-metal covering, and the east elevation has a double-height window with eight vertical lights which sits in the centre of a single-storey range with two paired windows to the left and the entrance door on the right-hand return. The arrangement of windows on the west and north elevations is modernistic with bands of small rectangular openings and blind panels of the same size set within ashlar surrounds.
POLLEN CLASSROOM WING: this wing was constructed with a flat roof; the upper floor was added in the later C20 and has a pitched slate roof. The six-bay building extends westwards from CF Hansom’s range, and the lower storeys are of coursed rubble stone. The first floor is sandwiched between massive horizontal concrete beams and has large horizontal windows on the south side and narrow vertical openings at regular intervals on the north side; a slim clerestorey runs along both elevations. The lower storey is partly underground but to the east it has a tunnel aligned with that to Scott’s science wing, as described above. The later second storey has walls of squared coursed stone and tripartite windows. On the north side is a later-C20 enclosed spiral-staircase tower with a conical lead roof.
INTERIORS: the principal features of each phase are described. Walls and ceilings are plastered and painted unless otherwise stated. The classrooms and dormitories are mainly utilitarian and repetitive and are therefore not described in detail.
OLD HOUSE: the interior of the Old House has been largely reconfigured and is used as administrative offices. A timber open-well staircase with splat balusters rises on the north side of the building, but otherwise there are few features of special interest. From the entrance hall a pointed stone archway leads to the ground-floor rooms below the chapel.
CHAPEL AND GOODRIDGE SCHOOL BUILDING: on the ground floor of the chapel and Goodridge building an east-west spine corridor and some chimneypieces, including that in the Fasenfeld Room (formerly the Petre Library), are the principal features of interest. The chapel is accessed via a stone cantilever staircase with a cast-iron balustrade with decorative quatrefoil and cruciform decoration in panels. The sanctuary (north) is lit by lancet windows with clear glazing, with plasterwork arcading on the walls below and to the ceiling. Below the organ loft (south) is a marble statue of the Virgin and Child by AB Wall (1883), but most of the other furnishings and fittings have been removed.
CF HANSOM PHASE: the ground floor of the north range has a wide east-west corridor with substantial timber ceiling beams on carved stone corbels, and a broad stone staircase to the dormitories on the upper floors. The east range has a double-width east-facing corridor on the ground floor with beams and corbels as above, two ashlar pointed-archways leading from the south end of the Gasquet Passage into a lobby, and two further archways into the main corridor, with classrooms to the west. The corridor has oak dado panelling and herringbone woodblock floors. Adjacent to the west of the first pair of arches is a circulation space, inserted in the 1960s to give access to the Pollen classroom wing; it has a steel cantilevered staircase. At the south end of the corridor are two round-headed archways with C20 firebreak doors leading to the Roberts Tower lobby and staircase; this provides access to the upper floors of the CF Hansom block. The Petre Library on the first floor is a large double-height hall, divided into six bays by arched trusses with dormer windows to the west and pointed-arch windows to the east. At the north end are the remains of a carved-stone fire surround designed by EJ Hansom in 1871. The double-doors at the south end of the library are part of Stokes’ 1912 scheme.
GASQUET PASSAGE AND HALL: the passage links CF Hansom’s range with the refectory block to the north. On its east side are three three-light mullion and transom windows with cusped heads and leaded lights. A range of dormitories was added above the passage in the later C20. Gasquet Hall comprises two classroom spaces and is located on the west side of the passage. They have a timber trussed roof and rooflights.
REFECTORY BLOCK: steps at the north end of Gasquet Passage lead up to the refectory corridor, which turns to the west and then north to the boundary with the monastic buildings. The corridor has an encaustic tile floor, ashlar skirtings, a boarded timber ceiling, and doorways have ashlar surrounds. To the south are two square-headed doorways and borrowed lights to the corridor with leaded glazing. The doorways flank a pointed arch to a stone spiral-staircase with a ramped handrail up to the Bede Centre. On the west wall of the corridor is a two-light Second World War memorial window. On the north side of the corridor two doorways lead to the refectory; that to the left is square-headed, whilst that to the right is a pointed arch with Tudor-rose decoration and an inscription. Its timber double-doors are panelled and have foliate carving to the spandrels. The refectory is a double-height space, six bays east to west and with pitch-pine panelling to cill level. The ceiling is boarded and coffered with substantial north-south beams on brackets with armorial shields and carved corbels. On the south wall is a large stone chimneypiece with a carving depicting the attempt by St Benedict’s monks to poison him, flanked by saints in niches, carved by William Farmer (1825-1879). The windows contain armorial glass. The former dormitory above the refectory was refurbished in the early C21 as the Bede Centre; no historic fittings remain. To the east the refectory is attached by a single-storey servery with rooflights to the double-height KITCHEN which has a timber trussed roof, dormer windows on the west side, and a large chimneybreast to the south. The spaces within the KITCHEN YARD buildings are functional in character, and some historic joinery remains.
STOKES RANGES AND ROBERTS TOWER: the west and south ranges both have a wide tunnel-vaulted corridor on the quadrangle side with fluted timber dado-panelling inset with seats below each window. The classroom doors from the corridors have simple timber cornices with historic painted inscriptions in the frieze giving the room name, for example ‘Roberts Day Room’. Doors are panelled with glazing above. Within the angle of the ranges is the Sligger Library, which also has dado panelling and decorative lead glazing to the windows. The classroom spaces on the ground floor have been modified but retain joinery and floors: all joinery is of unpainted African walnut, and floors are laid with herringbone woodblock. The lobby within Roberts Tower is divided from the corridors by C20 fire-break doors, which also divide the corridors at intervals. To the west of the lobby, a wide timber staircase with dado panelling leads up to a large landing leading west to the first floor of the science wing and up a further flight to the Petre Library and up again to the dormitories above. The Roberts dormitory retains historic mirrors and drawers and a statue of St John Roberts above the entrance door. The upper floors have a range of alterations including subdivision.
BARLOW HOUSE: the ground-floor spine corridor has timber matchboard dado-panelling and boarded timber floors. Doors have plain timber architraves and the staircases also have dado panelling. The rooms are functional throughout and have been subject to some alterations and changes of use.
SCIENCE WING: the ground-floor corridors face east and south and have fluted oak dado-panelling and herringbone woodblock floors. In the central window over the tunnel is a stained-glass Second World War memorial window. Doors to classrooms are oak, with slender panelling and four slim glazed panels to the upper half, and plain architraves with the historic names of their uses, for example ‘Biology Laboratory’, inscribed across the top. Other doors are to the same pattern but unglazed. The classrooms have borrowed lights to the corridor, herringbone woodblock floors, and have a mix of mid- and later-C20 fixtures such as wall benches.
HEALTH CENTRE: the building is entered into a double-height atrium with the large window with vertical lights to the east and a stone dogleg staircase to the west. The staircase is framed within an ashlar and timber arched surround, within which a balcony with a steel baluster overlooks the atrium at first-floor level; this also acts as a half-landing. The ground floor has a herringbone woodblock floor. The treatment rooms have later-C20 finishes and fittings.
POLLEN CLASSROOM WING: the ground-floor corridor faces north and has a narrow clerestorey above the window range. A timber hand-rail runs the length of the corridor. The south wall to the classrooms is clad in horizontal timber boarding with a range of horizontal internal windows and a narrow clerestorey above. The classrooms have black-brick partition walls, and the floors to the corridor and classrooms are laid with herringbone woodblock.
This list entry was subject to a Minor Amendment on 18 July 2024 to amend a sentence in the description and correct a reference in Selected sources.
