Summary
A gas street light comprising a column dating from the 1830s, with a later extension shaft and a Rochester-type lantern manufactured by William Sugg and Company, probably around 1930.
Reasons for Designation
The lamp post outside 16 Great College Street, probably dating from the early to mid-C19 and early C20, is listed at Grade II for the following principal reasons:
Architectural interest:
* for the well-crafted, decorative column in cast iron, which is a good example of historic street furniture;
* for the design of the Rochester-style lantern, a popular and enduring style of lantern.
Historic interest:
* as a good example of a historic gas lamp post probably dating from the early to mid-C19 and early C20.
Group value:
* as part of an adjacent set of historic lamp posts on Gayfere Street, Tufton Street and Great College Street and a wider group across other key streets within the Smith Square area.
History
Gas street lighting first appeared in London in June 1807 when Frederick Albert Winsor gave a public demonstration of gas lights in Pall Mall. The expansion of the railways coinciding with the development of urban gas works in the 1840s facilitated the proliferation of cast iron lamp posts with open-flame gas burners across the capital in the mid-C19. This feature of industrialisation was seen to contribute to London’s international standing and also facilitated the development of modern urban living, increasingly unconstrained by daylight hours.
Electric street lighting was introduced from the 1880s and the gas industry responded by making technological improvements to gas lights, principally the incandescent gas mantle in 1896. This significantly increased the efficacy of gas light, but it was not until the introduction of the inverted gas mantle in 1905 that gas street lights were really able to match the efficiency and brightness of the rival electric carbon filament lamps. In the 1920s and 1930s, many gas lamp posts in Westminster were upgraded with new lanterns fitted with inverted mantles. Gas remained an important source of power for street lighting as late as the mid-C20, and smaller numbers of lamps have continued to run on gas into the early C21.
The Smith Square area was laid out in the C18 and is named after Henry Smith who owned the land to the north. At the centre of Smith Square is St John’s Church, 1713-1728 designed by Thomas Archer. To the north, early C18 terraced houses are located on Lord North Street, Cowley Street and Barton Street. Great College Street includes a mixture of C18 houses and early C20 houses and offices. This pattern is also seen on Gayfere Street. Tufton Street includes early and mid-C20 offices. To the south, Dean Trench Street and Dean Bradley Street include examples of mid-C20 houses and offices. Neoclassical mid-C20 offices are also located on Dean Stanley Street. Together, the Smith Square area is a clear illustration of a unified C18 development punctuated by later C20 buildings.
The lamp post outside 16 Great College Street was probably installed a part of a linked lighting scheme that included additional gas lamps on Great College Street as well as those on Barton Street and Cowley Street. A historic image indicates that it is probable that the position and configuration of the lamp post outside 16 Great College Street has not changed since at least 1943. The style of the base and column is generally understood to date from the 1830s. The extension shaft to the top of the column was added later to raise the height of the lantern and improve light distribution, possibly around 1930 when the present Upright Rochester lantern was installed to replace an earlier, outdated lantern. The Upright Rochester-type lantern was supplied by William Sugg and Company Limited, probably around 1930 to replace an earlier, outdated lantern. Rochester lanterns were the 'storm-proof' version of a series of lanterns introduced from the early C20 and went on to become one of the most popular designs of shadowless lanterns. William Sugg and Company sold large numbers for use in street lighting, railway stations and goods yards.
Founded in Westminster in 1837, the company became an important supplier of interior and exterior gas lighting and received important commissions such as lighting the exterior of Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle in 1901. After initially operating from Marsham Street, for most of its lifetime the company was based at Vincent Works, Regency Street and Ranelagh Works, Chapter Street. Lighting manufacture was paused during the First World War while the company produced munitions, but post-war work picked up with the production of conversion sets for pre-war street lanterns, many of which still had upright mantles and required updating to more efficient inverted mantles.
Details
A gas street light comprising a column dating from the 1830s, with a Rochester-type lantern manufactured by William Sugg and Company, probably around 1930.
MATERIALS: cast iron lamp post with a glazed lantern of iron, spun copper and enamelled steel.
DESCRIPTION: the lamp post consists of a tapering fluted column topped with an extension shaft and an Upright Rochester lantern. The tapered square and horizontally reeded base has a plaque number 6514 and below the letters St IEW. Below this, an additional plaque bears the name of the column manufacturer: PEARSE. The lantern has a circular drum and rain-shield of copper above an inverted, six-mantle burner in a teardrop-shaped glass enclosure with a drainage hole to its base an enamelled steel reflector. This whole assembly is suspended in an iron cradle with two curved uprights projecting from the clock box. These uprights retain their original decorative ironwork scrolls, which were typical of inter-war Rochester lanterns.
