First World War: Sea
At the outbreak of the First World War Great Britain was the world’s greatest naval power. It was a supremacy supported by a huge heavy engineering industry, but one challenged by the ambitions of imperial Germany and her rapidly expanding navy.
Throughout the war both sides used their naval might to blockade each other to prevent vital supplies of food and raw materials getting through. German U-boats hunted in English coastal waters, threatening supplies of both raw material and food.
Along England’s east coast, German warships bombarded a number of towns and also hit Whitby Abbey and Scarborough Castle (both now English Heritage properties).
In January 1917 Germany declared unrestricted submarine warfare, in which vessels were torpedoed without warning. As well as Allied warships, many fishing vessels and neutral merchant vessels were sunk. By April, the Allies were suffering appalling losses from U-Boats. An average of 167 merchant ships were being sunk every month, and Britain was near starvation.
Historic England worked on two major projects – one to identify submarine wrecks, both German and British; the other to locate the wrecks of merchant and other vessels in the North Sea.
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First World War: Land
One of the features of industrialised, mechanised, 20th-century warfare was its hunger for land.
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First World War: Air
Historic England has identified the most significant airfields and airfield buildings of the First World War.
