Reasons for Designation
From the time of St Augustine's mission to re-establish Christianity in AD 597
to the reign of Henry VIII, monasticism formed an important facet of both
religious and secular life in the British Isles. Settlements of religious
communities, including monasteries, were built to house communities of monks,
canons (priests), and sometimes lay-brothers, living a common life of
religious observance under some form of systematic discipline. It is estimated
from documentary evidence that over 700 monasteries were founded in England.
These ranged in size from major communities with several hundred members to
tiny establishments with a handful of brethren. They belonged to a wide
variety of different religious orders, each with its own philosophy. As a
result, they vary considerably in the detail of their appearance and layout,
although all possess the basic elements of church, domestic accommodation for
the community, and work buildings. Monasteries were inextricably woven into
the fabric of medieval society, acting not only as centres of worship,
learning and charity, but also, because of the vast landholdings of some
orders, as centres of immense wealth and political influence. They were
established in all parts of England, some in towns and others in the remotest
of areas. Many monasteries acted as the foci of wide networks including parish
churches, almshouses, hospitals, farming estates and tenant villages. Some 75
of these religious houses belonged to the Cistercian order founded by St
Bernard of Clairvaux in the 12th century. The Cistercians - or "white monks",
on account of their undyed habits - led a harsher life than earlier monastic
orders, believing in the virtue of a life of austerity, prayer and manual
labour. Seeking seclusion, they founded their houses in wild and remote areas
where they undertook major land improvement projects. Their communities were
often very large and included many lay brethren who acted as ploughmen,
dairymen, shepherds, carpenters and masons. The Cistercians' skills as farmers
eventually made the order one of the richest and most influential. They were
especially successful in the rural north of England where they concentrated on
sheep farming. The Cistercians made a major contribution to many facets of
medieval life and all of their monasteries which exhibit significant surviving
archaeological remains are worthy of protection.
Sawtry Abbey is the only Cistercian monastery in Cambridgeshire, and is
well documented from its foundation in the 12th century to the period of the
Dissolution. Although the walls of the main buildings have been robbed, floor
surfaces and other buried features will survive which, given the period of
about 90 years between the abbey's foundation and the consecration of the
church, will include extensive remains of earlier timber structures.
Evidence for the abbey's economy is provided both by documentary sources, and
by the well preserved earthworks within the surrounding precinct. The warren
and fishponds, would have provided a constant and renewable supply of food and
income to the abbey, and the putative mill may indicate the wider cultivation
of the high ground on which the abbey stands.
The relationship of the site to the settlement of Sawtry Judith illustrates
both the impact of the foundation on an existing community and its subsequent
interaction with the secular world.
Details
The monument includes the remains of Sawtry Abbey, a Cistercian monastery
founded in 1147 by monks from Warden Abbey in Bedfordshire, on land granted by
Simon de St Liz, Earl of Northampton and Huntingdon.
The abbey lies near the tip of a low clay spur on the southern edge of Sawtry
Fen, to the east of the Great North Road (A1) and some 2km to the south east
of the modern village of Sawtry. The remains take the form of a group of earth
works contained within an area of pasture measuring approximately 400m north
east to south west by 300m. The foundation charter dictated that the abbey be
isolated within a precinct defined by ditches, some of which remain visible
around the edges of the field.
The north western side of the abbey precinct (on the edge of the fen) is
marked by a modern drainage channel, 30m in width, which superseded a narrower
ditch depicted on earlier maps. The modern drain is linked to the Monks' Lode
some 400m to the north east, so named as it is thought to have been
constructed shortly after the abbey's foundation, providing a navigable link
to Whittlesey Mere (a large freshwater lake formerly located about 6km to the
north) and from there to the River Nene and other major routes across the
fens. The lode is mentioned in the chronicles of Ramsey Abbey since its
construction encroached on Ramsey Abbey's established rights to the mere and
the surrounding fens. However, a settlement in 1192 allowed the lode to remain
for the purpose of bringing stone for the Sawtry Abbeys's construction. The
abbey was approached by land along the spur from the west and the entrance is
marked by an inverted section at the northern end of the south western
precinct ditch, in the western corner of the pasture. The precise location of
the gatehouse is uncertain, although its presence is indicated by numerous
fragments of stone and tile in the ploughed field immediately to the south
east. The south western boundary ditch, which probably marks the extent of the
precinct, runs in a straight line cutting across the neck of the spur, and
reaching maximum dimensions of 10m in width and 2m in depth. At the south
eastern end it forms a T-junction with the Duke's Drain, a modern channel
which is considered to have partially replaced the earlier boundary. The
Duke's Drain continues to the north west for about 70m before turning sharply
to the south east, away from the abbey. The original ditch diverges from this
angle and returns up the slope for about 70m, parallel to the south western
side of the precinct. The ditch, now about 5m wide and 1m deep, then turns to
the north east passing through a double bend and extending towards the eastern
corner of the pasture. The boundary is visible as a cropmark from the air
continuing across the arable field to the north east, where it describes a
broad curve turning northwards to a junction with a linear feature extending
c.350m from the northern corner of the pasture. Two rectangular enclosures are
also visible within this part of the precinct from the air, the southern of
which survived with visible ditches and ponds until the 1960s when it was
incorporated in the ploughed field. This area of the precinct, beyond the
pasture, has since been badly degraded by ploughing and is not included in the
scheduling.
At the highest point within the precinct so defined, roughly in the centre and
within the permanent pasture, lie the remains of the main monastic buildings
including the church (completed in 1238 and consecrated by Bishop Grosseteste
of Lincoln) and the claustral range. The buildings were demolished shortly
after the Dissolution, and the process of stone robbing continued into the
19th century. In the 1860s, the occupant of the adjacent Abbey Farm recruited
navvies, recently released from the construction of the Great Northern
Railway, to remove the stone from the wall foundations for road making. The
resulting trenches provide a ground plan of the main walls and the location of
the columns, which was first recorded by S Inskip Ladds between 1907 and
1912. The church was approximately 60m in length, with short transepts, and
two rows of seven columns in the nave separating the aisles. The inventory
taken during the demolition of the site includes the quantity of lead from
the church roof, naming specific origins in the case of the north aisle (St
Martin's Aisle) and the south transept (The Requiem Aisle). The amount of lead
(measured in cloth yards) suggests that the church roof was quite elaborate,
and may have included a lantern structure over the crossing. The cloisters are
clearly visible to the south surrounding a open area or garth, 30m square. The
wall lines of the eastern claustral range include evidence for the chapter
house and dorter, and on the south side are the remains of three rooms,
thought to be the kitchen, refectory and warming house. The west range,
although recorded by Inskip Ladds as the lay brothers' dormitory, is no longer
visible. The abbot's house, a rectangular structure measuring 15m by 8m, lies
to the south east of the claustral range, to the north of which are several
less well defined platforms indicating the position of the abbot's kitchens
and the infirmary. The foundations of these latter buildings have not been
disturbed. A broad ditch running south from the cloisters, and linked to the
bend in the centre of the south eastern precinct ditch, represents the main
drain from the complex.
A further building, also indicated by robbing trenches, is located some 60m to
the south of the main abbey complex. This structure measured about 50m in
length and 16m wide, with aisles to north and south separated by two rows of
seven columns, and a small square annexe at the eastern end. This is thought
to be the guest house, and its size and elaboration is consistent with the
abbey's requirements in the 12th and 13th centuries, when it was used as a
royal resting place conveniently situated near the Great North Road. The
southern corner of this building has been destroyed by the enlargement of an
adjacent pond, since it was first recorded in 1907-12.
Within the precinct boundaries are the earthwork remains of numerous features
related to the economy of the abbey. About 70m to the north west of the guest
house lie the remains of a second rectangular structure, similar in size to
the guest house but orientated north to south. The ground plan has been
greatly disturbed by later digging, although it is possible to recognise the
basic outline of a large barn or stables. A ditch runs south from this
structure towards the pond by the guest house. A second, water filled pond
(which has not been enlarged) to the east of the barn, probably served as a
watering place for animals.
The Hundred Rolls in 1279 recorded fisheries within the ditch, and fishponds
also appear in the inventory of the abbey holdings (the Valor Ecclesiasticus)
compiled in 1534, prior to the Dissolution. A series of four fishponds lies
immediately to the east of the abbot's house, on the eastern boundary of the
pasture. Three of the ponds average about 30m in length and 9m across, each
containing deep deposits of waterlogged silt. These are arranged side by side
and orientated north east to south west, while the fourth is aligned across
the eastern ends. This last pond is water filled and about 10m longer and
nearly twice the width of the others, having been dredged around the turn of
the century. A shallow leat connected to western corner of the southern
fishpond leads to a series of three smaller ponds contained within a shallow
terrace to the south of the Abbot's House. These measure about 12m by 8m. Two
are arranged side by side, the third located slightly further down the slope
and linked by a narrow channel. The connecting channels are dry and only one
of the ponds retains water. The others, like a further group of four similar
sized ponds in the eastern corner of the field, are largely filled with
accumulated silts. To the north of the church and the modern track which
crosses the site, a number of ditches and enclosures extend down the slope
towards the fen edge. At the northern end of the pasture a large square
depression, 55m across, lies with a broad terrace within a deep ditch and bank
flanking the base of the scarp. This feature, which is between 1m and 2m deep,
is thought to have been seasonally flooded and drained to provide a fertile
cultivation bed, although the drains have become blocked and the depression
presently holds water for much of the year. A well, or springhead, in the
centre of the depression (enlarged in the 1860s, reputedly as part of a search
for mythical abbey treasures) probably provided the main source of water. In
addition to a channel leading directly to the precinct ditch (now a broad
marshy area) the beds may also have been drained by a ditch, 4m wide and 1.5m
deep, which extends from the southern corner and encloses a second garden area
immediately to the south. This area, which measures c.50m by 60m, has not been
lowered, and contains two rectangular fishponds, each about 20m by 15m, and
1.5m deep. Some 40m to the south west a shallow ditch runs down the slope,
parallel to the enclosure, and there are three more ponds (largely infilled)
in the intervening space. Earlier surveys depict three further ditches across
the slope to the south west, separated by intervals of between 40m and 60m.
These are no longer visible, having been buried by upcast from the
construction of the adjacent drain in 1979. These ditches were interpreted by
Inskip Ladds as `docks' related to the former Monks' Lode. This is unlikely,
however, since they lie some 2m-3m above the level of the fen, and even
allowing for the later shrinkage of the peat, could not have been linked to
the navigation. They may however have served as unloading and storage areas
for materials brought along the water course, particularly in the early period
when materials were needed for the abbey's construction. A small rectangular
building located between the central ditches on this side (again marked by
robbing trenches) is considered to be a store house. By the mid 14th century
the lode had become impassable, and these areas may by then have been
converted to other uses, probably further cultivation areas.
Along the south western side of the precinct is a strip of land, c.50m in
width, bounded on one side by the precinct ditch, and on the other by a
sinuous ditch, 6m wide and 0.5m-0.9m deep. This area is divided in two by a
south east facing scarp, the southern half being level and almost completely
featureless apart from a pillow mound (a breeding place for rabbits) near the
southern end. The mound, orientated east to west, is about 28m long, 9m wide
and 0.8m high, with a flattened top. The warren area was doubtless secured by
a perimeter fence, perhaps sited on the internal enclosure bank, remnants of
which survive along the south western and south eastern sides. The northern
half of this area contains numerous scarps, banks, mounds and hollows, mostly
thought to have resulted from later quarrying. However, a large sub-circular
mound (c.14m in diameter) with a central depression, located near the northern
end of the inner ditch, may represent the foundations for a windmill; perhaps
the mill mentioned in the Valor Ecclesiasticus.
Extending beyond the south eastern precinct ditch towards the edge of the
pasture is a small fen-edge brickworks represented by an area of shallow
earthworks. There are numerous small quarries dug to extract clay, and a small
mound with a central depression has been identified as a kiln. Fragments of
late 17th and 18th century brick have been found across this area, and
although on the basis of these dates, the brickworks is not directly
associated with the abbey, it does demonstrate part of the use of the site
after the abbey's Dissolution. A ditch leading south from this area to the
angle of the Duke's Drain was related to this process, as also were a number
of ditches and hollows in the field to the south which have been degraded by
ploughing since 1980 and are not included in the scheduling.
The abbey was founded on land previously owned by the Countess Judith, niece
of William the Conqueror, and grandmother of Simon de St Liz. The Domesday
Survey of 1086 attributes to Judith a manor of 10 hides, with a settlement
whose population of 28 included a priest. The abbey was endowed with the manor
and, in keeping with the Cistercian tradition of isolation from the secular
world, the village (known as Sawtry Judith) was probably cleared.
Although some of the area of the former village may have been incorporated
within the abbey precinct, recent fieldwork has identified a large area of
settlement evidence in the arable field immediately to the south west. The
pottery from this area includes Stamford and St Neots wares from the 11th and
12th centuries, as well as earlier material suggesting occupation in the early
6th and 7th centuries and the Romano-British period. Pottery from the 13th and
14th centuries was also found. This may represent rubbish from the abbey,
although equally it could indicate that the settlement re-emerged when the
rules regarding isolation were relaxed and additional labour was required to
manage the abbey estate.
The settlement remains beyond the precinct have been deep ploughed and are
generally not considered to survive in good condition. However, the importance
of the archaeological relationship between the abbey and the development of
the settlement is such that a 30m wide margin along the south western precinct
boundary is included in the scheduling as a sample of the settlement remains.
The abbey's foundation charter was confirmed by each successive Earl of
Huntingdon, through the late 12th and 13th centuries, including three Scottish
Kings, David I, Malcolm IV and William the Lion. During this period the abbey
attracted several further endowments including a grant from King Stephen of
200 acres of land near Gamlingay, and two granges were established to the
south at nearby Grange Farm and Archer's Wood.
Nevertheless, although the abbey was well regarded, particularly as a giver of
alms, it neither expanded nor became wealthy, and in the 14th century the
abbot was frequently in debt. These circumstances may have led to the
involvement in secular affairs mentioned above, since the Valor Ecclesiasticus
records an annual income of over 55 pounds derived from rents on lands and
cottages.
The names of all 22 abbots are known, from Abbot Hugh at the foundation to
William Angell at the Dissolution in 1536. By this time the abbey contained
only 12 monks and 22 conversi, or lay brothers. This may be a reflection of
the poverty of the house, although the numbers may have previously been
reduced by induced retirement. In the following year the site and its lands
were granted to Sir Richard Williams (alias Cromwell), and the monastic
buildings were demolished soon after.
All water troughs, fences, fence posts and gates are excluded from the
scheduling, although the ground beneath these features is included.
MAP EXTRACT
The site of the monument is shown on the attached map extract.
