Reasons for Designation
A standing cross is a free standing upright structure, usually of stone,
mostly erected during the medieval period (mid 10th to mid 16th centuries AD).
Standing crosses served a variety of functions. In churchyards they served as
stations for outdoor processions, particularly in the observance of Palm
Sunday. Elsewhere, standing crosses were used within settlements as places for
preaching, public proclamation and penance, as well as defining rights of
sanctuary. Standing crosses were also employed to mark boundaries between
parishes, property, or settlements. A few crosses were erected to commemorate
battles. Some crosses were linked to particular saints, whose support and
protection their presence would have helped to invoke. Crosses in market
places may have helped to validate transactions. After the Reformation, some
crosses continued in use as foci for municipal or borough ceremonies, for
example as places for official proclamations and announcements; some were the
scenes of games or recreational activity.
Standing crosses were distributed throughout England and are thought to have
numbered in excess of 12,000. However, their survival since the Reformation
has been variable, being much affected by local conditions, attitudes and
religious sentiment. In particular, many cross-heads were destroyed by
iconoclasts during the 16th and 17th centuries. Less than 2,000 medieval
standing crosses, with or without cross-heads, are now thought to exist. The
oldest and most basic form of standing cross is the monolith, a stone shaft
often set directly in the ground without a base. The most common form is the
stepped cross, in which the shaft is set in a socket stone and raised upon a
flight of steps; this type of cross remained current from the 11th to 12th
centuries until after the Reformation. Where the cross-head survives it may
take a variety of forms, from a lantern-like structure to a crucifix; the more
elaborate examples date from the 15th century. Much less common than stepped
crosses are spire-shaped crosses, often composed of three or four receding
stages with elaborate architectural decoration and/or sculptured figures; the
most famous of these include the Eleanor crosses, erected by Edward I at the
stopping places of the funeral cortege of his wife, who died in 1290. Also
uncommon are the preaching crosses which were built in public places from the
13th century, typically in the cemeteries of religious communities and
cathedrals, market places and wide thoroughfares; they include a stepped base,
buttresses supporting a vaulted canopy, in turn carrying either a shaft and
head or a pinnacled spire. Standing crosses contribute significantly to our
understanding of medieval customs, both secular and religious, and to our
knowledge of medieval parishes and settlement patterns. All crosses which
survive as standing monuments, especially those which stand in or near their
original location, are considered worthy of protection.
The base and part of a standing cross in St Wilfrid's churchyard are
considered to remain in their original location on the southern side of the
church. The conversion into a sundial is common in this part of Cheshire and
represents the efforts of local people to counter the effects of iconoclasm
following the Reformation, saving the major part of a finely sculpted cross in
their churchyard from destruction. The cross therefore provides important
evidence for the survival of Catholic recusants in this region, as well as
being a notable monument of its type.
Details
The monument includes a sandstone cross base and part of a cross shaft on the
southern side of St Wilfrid's Church. The top of the shaft fragment has been
levelled to take the plate for a sundial.
The base is a single square block of sandstone measuring 0.85m wide and
standing 0.45m high. It has spurs cut at each top corner to create the
springing for an octagonal shaft. The socket is 0.43m wide and contains the
central portion of an octagonal shaft 0.48m high. On the top is a sundial with
the gnomon missing.
The cross, which is Listed Grade II, is probably in its original location on
the south side of the chancel, although it has been disturbed by the roots of
a large yew tree which grows on the west side of the cross, 3m from the base.
The gravestones which abut the cross base, where they fall within the cross's
protective margin, are excluded from the scheduling, although the ground
beneath the cross base is included.
MAP EXTRACT
The site of the monument is shown on the attached map extract.
It includes a 1 metre boundary around the archaeological features,
considered to be essential for the monument's support and preservation.
