Reasons for Designation
Coal has been mined in England since Roman times, and between 8,000 and 10,000
coal industry sites of all dates up to the collieries of post-war
nationalisation are estimated to survive in England. Three hundred and four
coal industry sites, representing approximately 3% of the estimated national
archaeological resource for the industry have been identified as being of
national importance. This selection, compiled and assessed through a
comprehensive survey of the coal industry, is designed to represent the
industry's chronological depth, technological breadth and regional diversity.
The term `nucleated' is used to describe coal mines that developed as a result
of increased capital investment in the 18th and 19th centuries. They are a
prominent type of field monument produced by coal mining and typically
consist of a range of features grouped around the shafts of a mine. The
simplest examples contain merely a shaft or adit with associated spoil heap.
Later examples are characterised by developed pit head arrangements that may
include remains of engine houses for pumping and/or winding from shafts,
boiler houses, fan houses for ventilating mine workings, offices, workshops,
pithead baths, and transport systems such as railways and canals. A number of
later nucleated mines also retain the remains of screens where the coal was
sized and graded. Coke ovens are frequently found on or near colliery sites.
Coal occurs in significant deposits throughout large parts of England and this
has given rise to a variety of coalfields extending from the north of England
to the Kent coast. Each region has its own history of exploitation, and
characteristic sites range from the small, compact collieries of north
Somerset to the large, intensive units of the north east. A sample of the
better preserved sites, illustrating the regional, chronological and
technological range of nucleated coal mines, together with rare individual
component features are considered to merit protection.
Details
The monument includes the upstanding and buried remains of Cumbria's first
electrically-powered coal mine, the late 19th/early 20th century Roachburn
Colliery. It includes the upstanding but roofless electricity generating house
and pumping house, the wall surrounding three sides of the now sealed drawing
shaft, the ventilation fan compartment, and the foundations and buried remains
of a headgear pillar support. A second generating house also survives but has
been converted into a house. As it is occupied it is not included in the
scheduling. The roofless electricity generating house stands at the northern
end of the monument and is a flat-roofed two storey stone and brick
construction. It measures approximately 13m by 7m and stands to its full
height. There are windows on the west side of the building, an entrance on the
east side, and a window which has latterly been enlarged into an entrance on
the south side. On the eastern side of the building, close to the entrance, a
concrete-lined ventilation fan compartment has been sunk into the ground. The
pumping house, a short distance to the south east, accommodated a rare Bull
steam-powered beam engine for pumping water from the mine. This building is
stone-built and stands to its full two storey height. It measures
approximately 6m by 4m and surviving roof timbers indicate that is was covered
with a pitched roof. On the upper floor the west side of the building is open
but external hinges indicate that wooden shutters originally covered the
aperture. There is a window in both the north and south walls and a fireplace
on the east wall with a brick chimney protruding above the roof line. The
drawing shaft, up which the coal was hauled, lies a short distance south of
the pumping house. The shaft is surrounded on three sides by a stone wall up
to 2m high and was infilled and sealed during the 1970s. In the driveway
fronting the infilled shaft there are the brick and concrete foundations of a
headgear support pillar.
Roachburn Colliery opened in 1895. In 1908 the mineworkings breached the base
of a tarn causing the deaths of three miners and the subsequent abandonment of
the mine four years later.
The surfaces of all access driveways are excluded from the scheduling,
although the ground beneath these features is included.
Legacy
The contents of this record have been generated from a legacy data system.
Legacy System number:
27799
Legacy System:
RSM
Sources
Other
Legal
This monument is scheduled under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 as amended as it appears to the Secretary of State to be of national importance. This entry is a copy, the original is held by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.
End of official list entry
