Reasons for Designation
From the time of St Augustine's mission to re-establish Christianity in AD 597
to the reign of Henry VIII, monasticism formed an important facet of both
religious and secular life in the British Isles. Settlements of religious
communities, including monasteries, were built to house communities of monks,
canons (priests), and sometimes lay-brothers, living a common life of
religious observance under some form of systematic discipline. It is estimated
from documentary evidence that over 700 monasteries were founded in England.
These ranged in size from major communities with several hundred members to
tiny establishments with a handful of brethren. They belonged to a wide
variety of different religious orders, each with its own philosophy. As a
result, they vary considerably in the detail of their appearance and layout,
although all possess the basic elements of church, domestic accommodation for
the community, and work buildings. Monasteries were inextricably woven into
the fabric of medieval society, acting not only as centres of worship,
learning and charity, but also, because of the vast landholdings of some
orders, as centres of immense wealth and political influence. They were
established in all parts of England, some in towns and others in the remotest
of areas. Many monasteries acted as the foci of wide networks including parish
churches, almshouses, hospitals, farming estates and tenant villages. Some 75
of these religious houses belonged to the Cistercian order founded by St
Bernard of Clairvaux in the 12th century. The Cistercians - or "white monks",
on account of their undyed habits - led a harsher life than earlier monastic
orders, believing in the virtue of a life of austerity, prayer and manual
labour. Seeking seclusion, they founded their houses in wild and remote areas
where they undertook major land improvement projects. Their communities were
often very large and included many lay brethren who acted as ploughmen,
dairymen, shepherds, carpenters and masons. The Cistercians' skills as farmers
eventually made the order one of the richest and most influential. They were
especially successful in the rural north of England where they concentrated on
sheep farming. The Cistercians made a major contribution to many facets of
medieval life and all of their monasteries which exhibit significant surviving
archaeological remains are worthy of protection.
The abbey at Hailes was one of the last Cistercian houses to be founded in
England, and became a great centre of pilgrimage. The remains of the abbey
survive well and are known from partial excavations and survey over the years
to retain further information about the abbey and the lives of its
inhabitants. Unusual is the overlap between the abbey and the earlier
ringwork, a class of monument whose dates of construction generally range from
1066 to the 12th century. Most ringworks were roughly circular areas enclosed
by an earthwork bank and external ditch. They were usually constructed to
serve as defended settlements, although some have been interpreted as military
strongholds. Although now levelled, probably by a combination of landscaping
works in the 17th century and recent cultivation, aerial photographic evidence
demonstrates that buried features will survive.
Details
The monument includes the known extent of St Mary's Abbey, a Cistercian abbey,
the west range of which was converted into a country house in the 17th
century, and the earlier Hailes Castle, a ringwork whose extent was partly
incorporated into the abbey's inner precint. The site lies adjacent to a
tributary of the River Isbourne on the lower slopes of a north west facing
combe in the Cotswolds.
The remains of the abbey, which are Listed Grade I, are divided between its
inner precinct and outer court which were separated by a boundary which has
not survived later landscaping. The inner precinct contains the claustral
buildings. Of these, the walls of the cloister survive mostly at foundation
level, although at the south end of the west range three bays survive to full
height. The remains of the abbey church are to the north of the cloister.
These were revealed during excavations early in the 20th century from which a
complete plan was produced. This demonstrated that, when it was completed in
the 1250s, the church was of typical Cistercian layout. In 1270 the abbey was
presented with a phial of the `holy blood', and a shrine was made for it
behind the high altar by extending the east end of the church and throwing out
a ring, or chevet, of chapels. Excavations in the 20th century also produced
burials north east of the north transept of the church and west of the nave.
The east, south and west ranges of the claustral buildings follow the usual
Cistercian plan. A geophysical survey was undertaken in 1978, which revealed
the infirmary and another building beyond the east range.
The outer court contains the site of a gatehouse chapel, believed to be in the
vicinity of the parish church, four fishponds, a cross, the sites of two mills
and earthworks representing internal boundaries and water management features.
Of the ponds, three survive unaltered, while the fourth was landscaped in the
17th century. The mills survive as earthwork platforms, one to the east of
claustral buildings, and one to their WSW. The latter appears as a moated
platform in the vicinity of which excavations have yielded evidence for
medieval occupation. On the west side of the monument, in the grounds of
Hailes House, is a barn thought to be contemporary with the abbey. This is
included in the scheduling. It has a small hatch in one wall reputed to have
been used to provide communion for people affected by leprosy. A further
abbey barn has been revealed by aerial photographs immediately north of the parish church. This is also shown on a drawing of the site by Kip in the early 18th century.
Little is known of the ringwork to the north of the abbey, although the site
is known both from earthworks, recorded on early editions of Ordnance Survey
maps, and now from aerial photographs. The presence of the parish church (the
one-time gate chapel of the abbey) within the earlier ringwork is an unusual
association.
Hailes Abbey was founded by Richard, Earl of Cornwall in 1245, with the first
monks arriving from Beaulieu the following year. The abbey church was rebuilt
by 1277 following the receipt of a phial of the blood of Christ which made the
abbey a centre of pilgrimage. At this time Hailes was one of the richest
houses of the Cistercian order. Following the Dissolution, the abbey was sold
to a dealer in monastic properties, soon after which the church was
demolished. In the 17th century much of the west range and the abbot's
lodging became the home of the Tracy family, and it was at this time that
landscaping altered the appearance of much of the area of the precinct. The
Tracy's moved on in 1729 and the buildings were converted into two farms. The
monument was donated to the National Trust, and is now in the care of the
Secretary of State.
A number of features are excluded from the scheduling; these are the museum,
ticket office and toilet block, all signs, fences and gravel paths, modern
walls, telegraph poles, the tarmac road and car park, modern sluices and
drains, Hailes Abbey Cottages (Listed Grade II), The Bungalow, Pilgrims House,
Pilgrims Cottage, Hailes Green Cottage, Hailes Green Barnes, The Barn and
Hailes House and its outbuildings except the barn; the ground beneath all of
these features is, however, included in the scheduling. The church and the
churchyard are totally excluded from the scheduling.
MAP EXTRACT
The site of the monument is shown on the attached map extract.
This list entry was subject to a Minor Enhancement on 24 May 2023 to amend the description
