Summary
Eye Castle includes the motte, the eastern part of the inner bailey, the standing remains of stone structures built along the northern edge of the inner bailey (also Grade I listed), and the eastern sections of the castle ditch or moat that surrounded the motte and bailey. Also included is a C19 mock keep known as Kerrison’s Folly (Grade I listed), constructed on top of the motte above the buried remains of the medieval keep. The western part of the inner bailey is occupied by late-C20 housing which replaced a C19 workhouse and is not included in the scheduled area.
Reasons for Designation
The remains of Eye Castle in Suffolk, an early medieval fortress dating from the early decades following the Norman Conquest, and further developed over the next two centuries, is scheduled for the following principal reasons:
Potential:
* for the good survival of standing, buried and earthwork remains with potential to considerably enhance our understanding of the castle and the place it held in the wider landscape;
Diversity:
* for the broad diversity of surviving features including the motte, ruined above ground structures, inner bailey, buried archaeological deposits of the interior of the bailey and the outer ditch;
Period:
* as an example of one of the first generation of castles built in England, an important medieval military site, and the only Suffolk castle recorded in the Domesday Book;
Documentation:
* on account of the historical and archaeological documentation which highlights the close and continuous association of the site with the development of Eye as a major regional military and market centre during the medieval period.
History
Motte and bailey castles are medieval fortifications introduced into Britain by the Normans. They comprised a large conical mound of earth or rubble, the motte, surmounted by a palisade and a stone or timber tower. In a majority of examples an embanked enclosure containing additional buildings, the bailey, adjoined the motte. Motte castles and motte-and-bailey castles acted as garrison forts during offensive military operations, as strongholds, and, in many cases, as aristocratic residences and as centres of local or royal administration. Over 600 motte castles or motte-and-bailey castles are recorded nationally, with examples known from most regions. As one of a restricted range of recognised early post-Conquest monuments, they are particularly important for the study of Norman Britain and the development of the feudal system. Although many were occupied for only a short period of time, motte castles continued to be built and occupied from the 11th to the 13th centuries, after which they were superseded by other types of castle.
Eye Castle was begun between 1066 and 1071 under the instruction of William Malet. It was formed on a natural spur lying between the converging waterways of the River Dove and its smaller tributary to the north. The land was artificially built up within an initial enclosing bank. It was one of the earliest castles in England, and the only one in Suffolk recorded in the Domesday Book. It remains one of the defining features of the planned Norman town.
Malet was an Anglo-Norman ally of William I and fought with him at the Battle of Hastings. He was a significant figure in the establishment of Norman rule in England. Malet was rewarded with the Honour of Eye, a vast landholding of around 75,000 acres in Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex, Surrey, Bedfordshire and Nottinghamshire. He died whilst campaigning against the resistance of Hereward the Wake in around 1071, at which point construction of the castle at Eye was still underway.
The castle was completed by Robert Malet, son of William, whose vast inheritance placed him in the twelve richest lay figures in England. Eye formed the centre of his estates, 80% of which lay in Suffolk. Robert’s completed castle comprised a motte with inner and outer baileys, defined by earthworks and wooden fortifications. He established a regionally significant market on land between present-day Broad Street and Cross Street, laid out a deer park to the south-east of the castle, and established a Benedictine priory east of the parish church. Malet rebelled against William II and spent time in exile in Normandy, before currying favour with Henry I and regaining the Honour of Eye. The whole of his English holdings, including Eye Castle, passed to the King on his death in 1105.
Henry II granted the Honour of Eye to Thomas Becket in 1156, who had 140 soldiers stationed at the castle from 1163 onwards. Becket is known to have commissioned building work on the site and may have been responsible for its conversion to stone. After his martyrdom in 1170, the castle reverted to the King who continued to fortify the building. It was sacked shortly after by the rebellious Hugh Bigod, destroying fishponds and outbuildings around the bailey in the process. Almost £21 was spent ‘repairing the old palisades and building two new palisades and ditches for carriage and stone’ (Colvin). Whether this work constituted repair or new construction is unclear. In 1174-75 three new palisades were begun and the walls were raised. Further works continued until 1197. Evidence suggests that the bailey wall rose up the sides of the motte to a square keep that stood at a maximum of two storeys.
In 1265, the castle was owned by the King’s nephew, Edmund of Almain, and was sacked during the Second Barons’ War. This event, almost 200 years after the castle was begun, appears to have been the last major episode of the castle’s active role as a defensive structure. Full repairs are unlikely to have been carried out, and there are repeated references to grazing within the castle walls in the early C14. The estate was granted to the newly created Earls of Suffolk (the de Uffords) in 1337, and transferred to the de la Pole family in 1381. By that date the deterioration of the castle had clearly set in; it had already been recorded as worthless in 1370. Some parts were still in use as a long-established prison, probably the surviving chambers in the curtain wall.
In 1313-17 there are some references to mottes in the plural at Eye, and the 1839 tithe map suggests that a second motte may have stood at the western end of the outer bailey. Interpretation of this is inconclusive.
Leland recorded ‘a watchtower, ruins of walls in some places’ in the 1530s.
In 1591-92 a windmill was built on the motte by Nicholas Cutler for the Cornwallis family. In 1844-5 the mill was demolished and replaced by a two-storey shell keep with a three-storey tower, on the instruction of General Sir Edward Kerrison. The new building acted both as a monument to Kerrison’s involvement in the allied victory at Waterloo, and, reputedly, as a house for Kerrison’s batman who saved his life at the battle.
Between around 1907 and 1917 the upper storey of Kerrison’s folly held a small museum. In the 1950s the folly was already ruinous and was further damaged by storms in the 1960s.
A workhouse and school were built over the inner bailey in the 1830s.
Creed in 1859 and Manning in 1886 produced some of the first detailed archaeological reports of the castle. The former produced a plan showing a ditch and counterscarp around the castle and bailey. The survival of an outer ditch or moat has been observed through archaeological excavation on the north side of the inner bailey in 2023. In this area, at the eastern end of the castle site, the origins of the ditch may date to the earliest phases of the castle's development. In the late-medieval period, after the onset of the castle's decline in 1265, and through to the Early Modern period the ditch was gradually filled by natural silting and deliberate action. Buildings from the early-C16 survive close to the perimeter of the ditch along Church Street (40 and 42 Church Street, Grade II listed) and across the ditch itself along Castle Street (31 and 33 Castle Street, Grade II listed). This pattern of development on and around the ditch has continued into the late-C20.
In 1978 a small excavation was carried out by Suffolk Archaeological Unit in advance of the re-development of the western end of the inner bailey, confirming the existence of the natural spur on which the castle earthworks were constructed.
The C19 school buildings close to the motte within the inner bailey were demolished in 1987. An area to the south of the main standing fragment of curtain wall was excavated and reported in 1987 and 1988. Below a thick layer of post-medieval build-up, a 0.4m thick destruction layer was found, provisionally dated to the C14. The curtain wall itself was dated to the late-C12.
In 1990, trial trenches were excavated where the inner bailey was thought to join the motte, but failed to recover any medieval deposits. Trenches in the present car park found the layer of deliberate build-up at a thickness of at least 1.3m.
Keyhole excavations also in 1990 explored inside the eastern wall of Kerrison’s folly and found possible medieval walling at a depth of 0.5m below the top of the motte.
Conservative masonry repair and consolidation was carried out in 2012.
In 2020 archaeological investigation at the western end of the outer bailey in association with a planning application (DC/18/02097) provided evidence for the existence of an outer ditch or moat at the western end of the outer bailey, including the presence of a probable C13 bridge timber.
In 2023 excavation of land north of the surviving curtain wall and the north-western part of the motte demonstrated the survival of the outer ditch or moat in this location. The ditch extended up to 3.5m in depth below the current ground surface, although deeper features may be present in other locations. These features may represent the earliest phase of the castle ditch, dating to the C11. Augur survey and environmental sampling conducted as part of that investigation also suggested the strong possibility of organic preservation within the lower fills of the ditch. A Victorian culvert and a C20 sewer were identified running east-west through part of the ditch.
Details
Principal elements:
The market town of Eye saw a major period of development in the early years of the Norman Conquest. Its castle and church were the centre pieces of the town at the height of its importance as a regional centre of power. The scheduled area includes the motte, the eastern part of the inner bailey, the standing remains of stone structures built along the northern edge of the inner bailey (also Grade I listed), and the eastern sections of the castle ditch or moat that surrounded the motte and bailey. Also included is a C19 mock keep known as Kerrison’s Folly (Grade I listed), constructed on top of the motte above the buried remains of the medieval keep. The western part of the inner bailey is presently occupied by late-C20 housing which replaced a C19 workhouse and is not included in the scheduling.
Description:
The motte is visible as a conical mound 12m in height and approximately 57m in diameter at the base, with a sub-circular platform about 18m in diameter at the summit. The motte was probably surmounted originally by a wooden tower and the bailey surrounded by a timber palisade. These were replaced by a stone keep and a curtain wall of stone. The ruined remains of part of the curtain wall survive on the north eastern slope of the motte and the north side of the inner bailey adjoining it.
A path with steps has been cut up to 2m deep into the western side of the motte and was probably constructed to provide access to the former windmill at the top. The path is shown on the tithe map of 1839, which also shows a mill still in existence at that date.
Kerrison’s folly keep is constructed of mortared flint with moulded brick quoins and dressings. The shell wall is polygonal in plan, with nine sides and buttresses at the angles. Each of the outer faces of the wall is decorated with a loophole. Much of the wall survives to its full original height of 4.6m. The buildings within are ruinous, standing for the most part to less than 2m. On the western side of the enclosure is a ruined tower, 4m square, which projects beyond the shell wall, and within this, in the north-east angle, is the base of a spiral stair to a now vanished upper storey, with a hearth against the wall to the west of it. Adjoining the tower to the south and south-east are the remains of two larger rooms connected by internal doorways. Against the eastern wall of the keep is the base of a detached outside lavatory. Evidence that the folly may have been built on the surviving foundations of the medieval keep was found in 1990, when a small trench was dug against the eastern wall.
The inner bailey to the west of the motte is ovoid in plan, wider at the western end, and defined by a scarp up to 4.5m high on the north and west sides and 2m high on the south. Limited excavations at the western and eastern ends have demonstrated that it was constructed on a natural hillock and that the interior, surrounded by an earthen bank, was raised and levelled by the dumping of imported soil to a depth of between 1.3m and 3m.
In 1990, excavations took place in part of the interior of the bailey adjoining the wall and removed approximately 1.6m of post-medieval deposits, uncovering a layer of demolition rubble dated to the C14, overlying traces of a clay floor.
The curtain wall is visible in three discontinuous sections and is constructed largely of mortared flint rubble with some squared blocks of clunch. The longest section has an overall length of 27.2m and comprises a rectangular tower at the western end, with three narrow chambers in line adjoining it. To the east of these, at the foot of the motte, are the remains of a second rectangular tower, and near the summit of the motte, where the curtain wall would have abutted the keep, are the remains of another narrow chamber. The western tower, which projects 0.9m beyond the curtain wall externally, has internal dimensions of 2.9m east-west by 2.6m, with walls 1.6m thick and up to 3.2m high. The adjoining chambers are 1.8m wide internally and 5m, 2.8m and 3.7m long respectively from west to east. The inner and outer walls are 1.2m thick and about 1.7m in height. Only the foundations of the dividing wall between the two western chambers survive, but the dividing wall between the middle and eastern chambers still stands to a height of up to 3.9m. There is no visible evidence for windows or doors, and the chambers were perhaps intended originally for storage, although it is thought that they were used in the C14 as a prison. The eastern tower has internal dimensions of 2m east-west by 1.6m, and the foundations, which are all that survive of the walls, are about 1.8m thick. Evidence for a chamber to the south of it was found during excavations carried out in 1987-1988. The section of the curtain wall on the motte is up to 2.1m high and has a maximum length of 7.9m. The chamber which it contains is 3.8m in length north-west to south-east by 1.7m wide, and the inner and outer walls are between 1.4m and 1.6m thick. The internal walls to east and west do not appear to be bonded to the outer walls and may have been inserted at a later date. There are indications of another chamber to the west of this, and lower down the slope of the motte, on the same alignment, is a large block of fallen masonry.
The area adjacent to the north and east of the inner bailey and motte contains domestic gardens and outbuildings, a late-C19 mason/builder’s yard and several ruined structures associated with those uses, fences, gates, hard-standing driveways, and paving.
The castle ditch or moat extends outward from the motte and bailey and has influenced the street plan of Eye so that its perimeter can still be discerned through the position of roads and the development of later buildings on or at the edge of the former ditch. Its existence was first observed in antiquarian studies in 1859 and 1886. The entire castle including the outer bailey is likely to have been surrounded by this defensive ditch, as has been confirmed by excavations at the western end of the outer bailey. Excavations in July 2023 demonstrated the survival of the castle ditch as a buried feature. Excavated trenches yielded pottery and artefacts datable to the late medieval period, while lower layers were augured and confirmed the strong potential for preservation of organic materials. The depth of the ditch was observed to be up to 3.5m below the ground surface, and may extend deeper in other locations. The ground level itself drops in apparent relation to the presence of the ditch, rising very gradually to an outer edge potentially extending as far as 30m distant from the inner bailey and motte. The upper layers of the ditch appear to confirm the decline of the castle from the late-C13 and indicate that it was largely filled by the late medieval and early post-medieval period. The process of filling is likely to have been a combination of natural silting and deliberate dumping, which continued to some extent in the C17 and C18. The partial excavation of the ditch in 2023 revealed the presence of a C19 culvert and a C20 sewer, which had disturbed the preservation of some deposits, but it was considered highly likely that further deposits would be present beneath these features.
Exclusions:
The modern viewing platform within the C19 folly on the motte is excluded from the scheduling, together with modern railings, the steps up the motte, the beacon within the inner bailey, benches, information boards, floodlights and junction box, litter bins and the surface of the inner bailey car parking area, all fences, posts, domestic outbuildings, former workshops and ruined structures associated with the C19 masons/buildings yard, and garages, paths, paving and road surfaces, although the ground beneath all these features is included.
Extent of Scheduling:
The extent of scheduling has been defined to include the motte and bailey castle and its outer ditch along with a 5m wide buffer zone around its outer edge to support the preservation of the monument. The east and west edges of the scheduled area are defined by buildings which almost completely cross the line of the castle ditch.
