Reasons for Designation
The Latin term `oppidum' usually refers to a town, although in the context
of the Roman invasions of Britain, its use in the writings of Julius
Caesar and Suetonius encompassed a wider range of fortified settlements
and native strongholds. In archaeological terminology `territorial oppida'
is used to describe a settlement phenomenon of the later Iron Age - areas
of farmsteads, field systems and nucleated settlements of various kinds
covering wide areas bounded by substantial earthworks. Such sites are
considered to have been tribal capitals or focal places for communities
between the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD, serving as centres of
trade, manufacture and social prominence. Only a handful of sites in
England have been identified under this term (principally Colchester,
Bagendon, Silchester, St Albans, Chichester, Grims Ditch and Stanwick),
all of which lie in southern, central and western parts of the country.
They all share the common characteristic of boundaries defined by massive
linear banks and ditches, sometimes intermittent and positioned to include
natural barriers such as rivers and marshes. The enclosed areas vary from
between 30 sq km and 90 sq km, some marked out by curvilinear boundaries,
others by more rectilinear patterns. Activities within the enclosed areas
may vary considerably and, given that Iron Age society in southern England
was not homogeneous, there is no reason to suppose that all territorial
oppida exhibited the same status or served identical purposes. In addition
to farmsteads, areas of nucleated settlement and related field systems,
other known features of the enclosures include storage pits and wells,
areas set aside for burials (sometimes extremely elaborate), temple
complexes and areas of pottery manufacture, metal working and the minting
of coins. Some, particularly those positioned in coastal or estuarine
locations, provide evidence of widespread trade in the form of imported
goods, notably Gallo-Belgic pottery, from the continental mainland and the
western Roman Empire.
Territorial oppida reflect the development of complex social organisation and
increased permanence of settlement in the late Iron Age. They also provide
some of the most valuable evidence for the impact of Roman conquest and
government on native society. Given the rarity of this settlement form and its
importance for our understanding of the period, all territorial oppida are
viewed as being of national, if not international importance, and all
surviving elements are considered worthy of protection.
The territorial oppidum surrounding Colchester (`Camulodunum' in antiquity)
encompassed an area of about 25 sq km mainly located between the
converging courses of the River Colne and the Roman River to the west of the
Colne estuary. In addition to the rivers the settlement was defined and
protected by the largest group of linear earthworks of the period in Britain.
These developed over a period of about one hundred years from the foundation
of the settlement in the early first century BC and mostly take the form of
large V-shaped ditches with banks constructed from upcast on the sides facing
the settled area. The dykes may have been made still more formidable by the
addition of timber palisades and gateways, and they have been interpreted
as an expression of the settlement's status, as a means to control and protect
grazing stock and as an effective defence against chariots - one of the
principal features of later Iron Age warfare. If placed end to end the dykes
would extend over a total distance of about 25km. Some 6km now survive as
extant earthworks, and many other sections are known to survive as buried
features.
The interior of the oppidum is thought to have been largely agricultural - a
mixture of enclosed fields, pasture and woodland - with small occupation sites
scattered throughout and two particularly large and complex areas of activity
located to the west and to the north. At Gosbecks, to the west, an extensive
farmstead has been identified. This has been associated with Cunobelin (one of
the most famous British kings prior to the Roman Conquest) and interpreted as
a centre of political authority and religious practice. Further north, at
Sheepen, excavations in the 1930s and 1970 revealed widespread evidence of
industrial processes, the minting of coins and continental trade. Associated
with the settlement sites are burial grounds, the most prominent of which are
the Lexden Tumulus, Lexden Mount, a group of excavated burial enclosures at
Stanway (beyond the western dykes) and a similar (unexcavated) enclosure at
Gosbecks. These sites reflect the beliefs and complex burial rituals afforded
to the the society's elite; a large number of less elaborate burials have been
discovered across the oppidum.
The rulers and occupants may have fluctuated according to the relative
fortunes of two rival tribal polities - the Trinovantes centred on modern
Essex and the Catuvellauni based in modern Hertfordshire. An alternative
suggestion is that the oppidum served as a Catuvellaunian colony within
Trinovantian territory, maintained through political agreements or the warlike
ascendancy of the former in order to provide this otherwise landlocked tribe
with access to coastal trade. In either case, the oppidum was clearly of
central importance to the region in AD 43 when it formed the primary military
objective for the invading Roman army. After the collapse of local resistance,
the Emperor Claudius personally led his victorious forces into the oppidum,
which was subsequently reorganised to provide a centre of provincial
government and bridgehead for the further conquest of Britain. A small Roman
fort was constructed within the Gosbecks complex, and a larger legionary
fortress was established on the hill to the east (now the centre of modern
Colchester). As the focus of military activity shifted towards the north and
west of Britain the fortress was redesignated as a `colonia', a chartered town
for a colony of retired soldiers. `Colonia Victricensis' (City of Victory) was
the first Roman town established in Britain and thus the earliest truly urban
settlement in the country. The burgeoning town was destroyed in AD 60-61 - the
first major casualty of the tribal revolt led by Boudicca, queen of the Iceni.
In the aftermath of the revolt the town was rebuilt with a protective wall
(based on the perimeter of the earlier fortress), and with the return of order
the colonia developed in a manner apparently calculated to integrate the old
and new social orders. Native settlement and burial practices continued within
the territorial oppidum (now probably a `civitas' or self governing town)
which was protected with additional dykes. A temple and a theatre were
constructed at the Gosbecks site and the Sheepen industrial zone was
maintained, enlarged and extended to include a further religious complex.
The collapse of Roman government in the early fifth century signalled the end
of Colonia Victricensis. Medieval Colchester emerged within the walls of the
former Roman town leaving the greater part of the extended settlement and
oppidum to disappear beneath its rural hinterland. As a consequence the
archaeological remains in this area are remarkable for the lack of later
disturbance and present a unique opportunity for the study of the Iron Age and
Roman past.
Moat Farm Dyke is one of the best surviving examples amongst the linear
earthworks which defined the perimeter of the Iron Age settlement. The bank is
a substantial and impressive earthwork which will contain valuable
archaeological evidence for the date and manner of its construction. The
attendant ditch also survives well as a visible and partly buried feature.
The lower fills of the ditch are unlikely to have been disturbed and will
similarly contain valuable evidence for the date when this section was built
and the period over which it was maintained. The silts in the ditch may also
contain environmental evidence illustrating the appearance of the landscape in
which the dyke was set.
Together with its continuation to the south (Lexden Dyke), Moat Farm Dyke
forms the westernmost boundary of the late Iron Age territorial oppidum, later
to become one of the inner boundaries within an enlarged system constructed to
define and defend the Roman colony and Romano-British civitas. It therefore
forms part of the archaeological evidence for the development of one of the
earliest `proto-urban' settlements in Britain and for its translation into
Britain's first true town in the years following the Roman conquest.
Details
The monument includes the visible and buried remains of the northern part of a
late Iron Age linear boundary earthwork (Lexden Dyke) located some 2km ENE of
Colchester town centre, and lies within two areas of protection.
The section of dyke follows a NNE-SSW alignment for approximately 1.25km to
the north of the River Colne. The southern end of Moat Farm Dyke is
located at the junction of Baker's Lane and The Chase Way, some 200m north
of the river. From this point northwards to Moat Farm (after which the
dyke is named) the bank stands up to 1.5m high and 11m wide and the ditch
(to the west of the bank) is 10m wide and 1m deep. The bank has been
slighted along the western margin of the farm, and the ditch partly recut
as a drainage channel. However, the bank reappears to the south of the
railway cutting which bisects the centre of the dyke.
To the north of the railway cutting and within the second area of
protection, both the bank and ditch continue within a wooded corridor for
250m. Beyond this point the ditch survives as a buried feature, accompanied by
the bank which continues northward towards a bend in Baker's Lane,
immediately south of its junction with Braiswick Road.
Moat Farm Dyke is similar in design to the Lexden Dyke which follows the same
alignment to the south, beyond the Colchester bypass and across Lexden
Park. The two dykes are believed to represent a single boundary,
originally broken only by the River Colne and its flanking marshes.
The Lexden/Moat Farm Dyke is thought to be the third boundary constructed
during the development of the oppidum of Camulodunum, added to the north of
Heath Farm Dyke in the period 25-10 BC to provide a single barrier between
the Roman River and the Colne. The boundary would have thus secured the
approaches to the high status burial ground at Lexden (to the west of
modern Colchester) and the industrial zone at Sheepen (to the north west).
The outbuildings alongside No 14 Baker's Lane and all fences and fence posts
are excluded from the scheduling, although the ground beneath these features
is included.
MAP EXTRACT
The site of the monument is shown on the attached map extract.
