Summary
A group of vernacular mud walls originating in the late-C18 or early C19. On the western boundary of the site, close to the inn and in the area of the former stable yard, a smaller mud wall has recently been entirely reconstructed and is excluded from this listing.
Reasons for Designation
The mud walls to the rear of the Black Bull Inn, Whittlesey, are listed at Grade II for the following principal reasons:
Architectural interest:
* for their method of construction, exhibiting local distinctiveness in their form, materials and craftsmanship.
Historic interest:
* as an indicator of the impacts of the nation’s changing economic history, through their innovative alternative use of cheaply available local materials during a period of national taxation;
* as part of the sole surviving group of mud wall structures in Cambridgeshire.
Group value:
* as an important part of Whittlesey’s surviving tradition of mud walling, including several other mud walls such as the wall at 4 West End (Grade II).
History
The use of earth as a building material can be seen around the world and has a very ancient history. Though it is not an especially common method of construction in England, certain times and places have seen earth walling in significant numbers. This is particularly so with the ‘cob’ tradition in the south west, where cob walls dating to the C15 have been identified. Typically, earth is bound with straw and mixed with a little water to create the raw building material. The C18 and C19 in East Anglia saw the creation of a significant number of earth structures using ‘clay lump’, whereby large blocks of raw material were put into forms, allowed partially to dry, and were then assembled to make a wall. Despite Whittlesey’s proximity to areas where Clay Lump had become more common, the town’s mud walls were produced in line with the cob structures of the south west; the mud walls were raised in tapering lifts without forms or shutters and would have been produced in stages over several months. The vulnerability of earth walling to English weather requires all mud walls to have a dry plinth of a more durable material (often stone or brick), in some cases a surface of render, and a coping at its top.
Mud walling in Whittlesey is thought to date from the late C18 and early C19, during which period a tax on brick and tile was in effect (1784-1850). The tax was initially raised in the period following the American War of Independence (1775-1783) to pay for the Government’s war debts, but remained in place for many decades along with other taxes on building materials such as glass, imported timber, and, briefly, stone and slate.
Whittlesey had grown significantly in the C17 as the draining of the Fens brought new opportunities to the town. Many properties in Whittlesey at that time had long burgage plots capable of producing goods for the town’s large market. During the period of land enclosures at the end of the C18 and early C19 the demarcation of property boundaries became more important. The creation of very long boundary structures will have helped to settle property disputes and to manage the land. Stone and timber were not convenient resources for this purpose in the Fens, but high quality clays, exposed by land reclamation, were available. Though the town would later have a significant brick making industry, with four brickworks in operation at the end of the C19, large quantities of cheap bricks were not so easily available a century before. Given the very long nature of many of these burgage boundaries, and the fact that the walls themselves were not intended to be polite structures for the display of status, the use of mud walling was a cheap and highly practical vernacular solution to an otherwise expensive problem.
Whittlesey’s walls have some variation from one to the other: in height, in plinth material (brick, stone, or a mixture of both), and in coping material (usually thatch, pantiles, or wooden boards), but are otherwise a coherent group of structures. They are difficult to date precisely, especially as they are found on long-standing property boundaries, and their materials can routinely be replaced. By the late C20 this level of maintenance was at odds with building fashions that were faster in operation: whole sections of ready-made fence could replace a dilapidated section of wall. This tendency, combined with the frequent subdivision of burgage plots to accommodate new housing or alterations to the road network, have resulted in a significant loss of the town’s mud walls. Between 1980 and 2017 it is thought that 570m of mud wall has been lost in the town, with 28 sections remaining in 2020. Whittlesey is the only Cambridgeshire location with a surviving tradition of mud walling, though the outlying hamlet of Eastrea contains one further example.
The Black Bull Inn (Grade II) dates to the mid-C17 and was purpose built as a substantial inn close to the market place. It is to be expected that a range of stores, stables and outbuildings existed to the rear of the inn, and a number of these structures (since demolished) are indicated on the 1841 Tithe Map of Whittlesey, placed at the rear of the building across the width of the plot and forming a separate, enclosed yard to the north. The mud walls forming the north and east boundaries of that enclosed yard largely survive and today provide a boundary to the municipal car park (north) and domestic properties (east). The northern part has been recently repaired, with a replacement render and new wooden coping boards. The eastern part is missing a central section of around 7m.
On the western boundary of the site, close to the inn and in the area of the former stable yard, a smaller mud wall has recently been entirely reconstructed and is excluded from this listing.
Details
A group of vernacular mud walls originating in the late-C18 or early C19.
All of the walls are of mud construction with wooden copings. They enclose parts of the rear yard and car park of the Black Bull Inn across its entire northern boundary, and two parts of the eastern boundary.
To the north the wall is built on a rubblestone footing and the surface of the mud is covered in render.
To the east two sections of mud walling survive, joining the northern wall at a perpendicular angle. The two sections are divided by an area of missing mud wall roughly 7m in length. Both sections are built on stone footings. The northernmost section retains some render on its west elevation, and the southern section shows areas of surviving limewash.
The walls measure approximately 18.14m long and 1.78m high across the north side; 6m long and 1.65m high at the north-east; 3.74m long and 1.83m high at the south-east.
