Summary
The landsape to Crows Hall, a house with C16 origins, with moats and fishponds that may have C13 origins.
Reasons for Designation
The landscape to Crows Hall, Debenham, Suffolk, is registered at Grade II for the following principal reasons:
Historic interest:
* for the surviving moats and fishponds possibly dating originally form the C13 and the potential buried remains of early garden features visible from aerial photographs.
Design interest:
* for the design interest of the diapered brick-lined moat, the bridge over it, the striking double-rowed avenue known as the Walk and the potential buried features.
Group value:
* for the strong relationship between the Grade II* listed house, its moat and bridge, the other moats, fishponds and buried early garden remains and the Walk.
History
Crows Hall sits on the western edge of a moated platform surrounded by wide ditches, which remain water filled. The majority of moated sites served as prestigious aristocratic and seigneurial residences with the provision of a moat intended as a status symbol rather than a practical military defence. The peak period during which moated sites were built was between about 1250 and 1350 and by far the greatest concentration lies in central and eastern parts of England.
There is known to have been a manor on the site of Crows Hall since at least 1221 so this broadly corresponds to the peak in the construction of moated sites. The hall was sold in 1397 to John Framlingham and passed to his descendants until the late C17. In 1697 it was sold to John Pitt MP and it is recorded that the south and east wings of the house were demolished around this time and the west entrance was reduced to one storey. Pitt’s descendants sold it in 1764 and it changed hands a number of times in the C18 and C19.
A map of 1783 by Hodskinson depicts many features including the long oak avenue to the west which is labeled on later maps as “the Walk”. This is the first documentary evidence to suggest that the designed landscape of Crows Hall was evolving.
A survey of “Crow Hall Farm” by William Newton in 1818 shows the estate comprised 300 acres of land with house, gardens, barn and yards. Features recorded included “the Walk”, two orchards, one of which was moated, The Stews (the stewpond or fishpond), a paddock, another pond, four meadows, fields, two pightles (hedged enclosures), a plantation, High Wood, a drift and a race ground. Many of these features are still extant including the house, barn and yards, the Walk, the two orchards, the Stews and the other pond.
The tithe map of 1837 depicts the house with its surrounding moat, the barn, the walk, the pond to the north-east end of the Walk, and the outline of the two orchards, one as a field the other with trees.
In 1850 Samuel Dove wrote an account which included a description of the second moat "on the outside of the Moat at a short distance is a kind of Terrace now thickly planted with Trees, enclosing a smaller moat called the Stews, from which some fine carp were taken some years ago, but they are now laid dry and planted with Oak Trees etc. These enclose about an acre of ground and old paths and beds can be traced proving it to have been a garden in former days. The Stews communicated with the moat by an archway at one end." These paths can still be seen from aerial photographs taken in 2023.
In 1948 Crows Hall Farm was sold to its tenant, Herbert Gill. It included an extensive range of glasshouses, a milking parlour, stabling for seven horses, and growing timber in the plantations. It changed hands again twice in the C20 and the house fell into a ruinous condition. It was sold again in 2005, its new owners undertook extensive repair of the house and in 2007 engaged the garden designer Xa Tollemache to design ornamental gardens within the inner moated area, following the line of the foundations of demolished ranges discovered during the renovation of the house.
Details
LOCATION, AREA, BOUNDARIES, AND LANDFORM: Crows Hall lies in the claylands of High Suffolk, situated on the summit of ground gently rising from the River Deben to the east of Debenham. A small lane off the B1077 leads away from Debenham to Crow Hall Cottage and culminates in the long avenue approach to Crow's Hall. The estate farmland covers around 300 acres, with a 0.8 acre moated island containing the remnants of the C16 house and garden and possibly the remains of the early C13 hall.
With an elevated position in the landscape, the Hall and garden have far-reaching views over the surrounding rolling countryside. The pond to the east end of the avenue, and the stewpond are bordered by deciduous woodland.
PRINICIPAL BUILDING: Crows Hall was listed at Grade II* in 1955. It is described as a mid-C16 manor house with gatehouse and bridge, in red brick with diaperwork to the west and south. The bridge and the diapered brickwork lining to the moat are included in the List entry.
DOVECOTE: there is also a brick dovecote of C16 origin, with a thatched roof, positioned between The Walk and the main house. The dovecote has been extended and converted to a dwelling in the C21.
ENTRANCES AND APPROACHES: the principal point of access is from the west, via a double-row oak avenue approximately 600m in length, known as “The Walk”. Map evidence shows that there has been a central driveway along the avenue since the 1880s. The avenue is bounded on each side by a hawthorn hedge. Some of the oaks in the avenue, particularly on the north side, have a girth between 4 and 5m, indicating that they are between 200 and 300 years old.
LANDSCAPE FEATURES: the wide, water-filled moat surrounding the main house, with a bridge to the front, is a major landscape feature. The moat is brick-lined to the front only, and part way along the south side to create a decorative, impressive effect as the visitor approaches the house. There is also a ruined turret on the north-west corner of the moated island.
There is a second, narrower water-filled moat to the north-east of the outer courtyard, surrounding a meadow that was marked “orchyard” or orchard on historic maps. The interior is now a meadow and no longer contains trees. Analysis of recent aerial photogrpahs for the purpose of this assessment has picked up former garden features in the form of cropmarks suggesting archaeological potential for evidence of the early garden layout to survive below ground To the east is a second meadow, formerly shown as an orchard on historic maps. They retain the historic outline of the former orchards.
Directly north of the moated former orchard is a linear pond called “The Stews” on historic maps. A narrow ditch connects the linear pond with the orchard moat.
GARDEN: within the moated area around the house are gardens partly created on the foundations of the ruined portions of the house, designed in 2007 by Xa Tollemache. These are designed as a series of “rooms” including an “island garden” with planting using the brick foundations as walled flower beds; a Tudor-style “knot garden” with low level box hedging; a courtyard garden with circular paths and a centrally-positioned contemporary sculpture “Two Against One” by Cemmick and Wilder, and “The Pool Garden” containing a raised, round pool with a central fountain. There is also a lawned area, and moat-side terraces with jetties.
