Two late-C19 mortuary chapels, late-C19 cemetery entrance gates and central cross, and an early-C20 laundry building, within the grounds of the former St. Michael’s Cheshire Home

Summary

Two late-C19 mortuary chapels, late-C19 cemetery entrance gates and central cross, and an early-C20 laundry building, within the grounds of St Michael’s Home, former tuberculosis sanatorium.

Reasons for Designation

Two late-C19 mortuary chapels, late-C19 cemetery entrance gates and central cross and an early-C20 laundry building, within the grounds of St Michael’s Home, are listed at Grade II for the following principal reasons:
* Architectural interest: although more architecturally modest than the earlier buildings, these ancillary structures are well considered additions, utilising local-rubble and ashlar stone to tie-in architecturally to the main building;
* Historic interest: they illustrate well the changing functional requirements and improvements to the private tuberculosis sanatorium complex;
* Group value: they have strong group value with the main house (listed Grade II*) and as part of an unusually complete group of associated buildings (many listed at Grade II), which help to illustrate the historic function of the former sanatorium complex.

History

St Michael’s Home was founded by Matilda Blanche Gibbs (1817-1887), wife of William Gibbs (1790-1875), the notable merchant, philanthropist, and owner of the estate of Tyntesfield, North Somerset since 1834. The Gibbs’ had seven children; three died due to pulmonary tuberculosis. Following their deaths, Mrs Gibbs sought to help those with the condition by establishing a facility where suffers could receive long-term care and treatment. Her initial plan was to build a home in Surrey. However, due to concerns over the suitability of the climate, she turned her attention to an isolated spot on the Mendip slopes, to the north west of the village of Axbridge, Somerset. The sanatorium was dedicated to the patron saint of the sick and the suffering, St. Michael. The home was run by the Associate Community of St. Peter, an Anglican-Catholic Sisterhood from Woking, London, who had looked after the Gibbs’ youngest daughter before her death in 1874.

Mrs Gibbs enlisted the renowned Gothic-Revival architect William Butterfield (1814-1900), whose other works include the Church of St John, Clevedon (1875-6; Grade II*) and the Butterfield Wing, Royal Hampshire County Hospital (1863-8; listed Grade II). Matilda and her husband William Gibbs were Anglo-Catholics and supporters of the Oxford Movement (a mid-C19 High-Church Anglican movement), with which Butterfield was closely associated. Mr Gibbs had approved the commissioning of Butterfield to design Keble College, Oxford (1870, listed Grade I), including the chapel which William funded.

St Michael’s Free Home for Consumptives was opened on 28 September 1878. The building consisted of a U-shaped plan with a central chapel and wards on either side. There were 24 beds; half for men and half for women. A lodge with stables was built at the main entrance gate to the south, at the bottom of a tree-lined avenue. A grace-and-favour parsonage with its own stables and coach house was built to the south-east for the resident chaplain.

Built into a slope, the main building has three storeys to the south and two to the north. The ground floor contained a men’s hall and kitchen area, the first the men’s ward, and the second the women’s ward. To encourage full use of the grounds, all of the floors had level access to the gardens; on the top floor this was via a raised walkway on the north side of the building. To the west was a lawn area with stone terracing to the south.
The building was extended in 1882 by the addition of a south wing, also designed by Butterfield, providing accommodation for a further 26 patients and rooms for the sisters above. A farm located within the grounds provided fresh food and patients were encouraged to help with its running where possible. By 1886 a cemetery for deceased patients was added to the north-west corner of the estate. Males were buried on the south side and females on the north (the headstones were moved to the side of the cemetery in early C21). Two mortuary buildings, one next to the rear entrance to the chapel and another shelter positioned along the path to the cemetery were also provided. At the end of the C19 a set of pathways were laid out in the woodland to the north and shelters were built in the grounds to encourage patients to enjoy the fresh air. The hospital’s water supply was from an underground reservoir to the north, first shown on the 2nd Edition Ordnance Survey Map (1903).

In the early-C20 a three-storey pavilion was added to the south-east corner of the main building and included two glazed balconies on the upper floors. By 1930 a laundry house had been built within the northern woodland and another outbuilding, possibly a game/ meat larder, was added to the east side of the home. The larder was later converted into ancillary accommodation and linked to a 1977 wing.

From the mid-C20 and the discovery of antibiotics, the rates of tuberculosis had begun to decline. In 1956 St. Michael’s ceased to be used solely as a tuberculosis sanatorium and in 1968 the Sisters of St Peter returned to Woking. The home was taken over by the Cheshire Foundation Home, founded by Group Captain Leonard Cheshire, for the care of the incurably sick and disabled. The facility became known as St. Michael Cheshire Care Home. A community room was added in 1975. In 1977 an accommodation wing was added to the east. Another wing was added to the north-west in 1984. Dan Olive, a local architect designed the extensions with the intention of complementing the style of the C19 building. In the 1990s two bungalows were built in the grounds to cater for semi-assisted living. In the late-C20 the parsonage and its garden were sold and subdivided to form a pair of semi-detached dwellings. It was later brought back into single ownership and is now (2015), a guest house.

Details

Two late-C19 mortuary chapels, late-C19 cemetery entrance gates and central cross, and an early-C20 laundry building, within the grounds of the former St Michael’s Home, for Consumptives.

MORTUARY BUILDING 19M NORTH EAST OF ST MICHAEL'S HOME: the late-C19 mortuary building is faced in rubble stone with Bath-stone dressings. It is a square single-storey structure with a flat, parapet room. There is a large entrance with a stone lintel in the south elevation and a two-light mullioned window in the east. Internally it is a single-cell room with a terrazzo floor finished with a black border.

MORTUARY SHELTER 60M NORTH WEST OF ST MICHAEL'S HOME: the late-C19 earth-covered mortuary shelter is constructed of rubble stone. The entrance in the south elevation is an arched opening topped by a double row of brick voussoirs. It has a brick-vault roof.

LAUNDRY BUILDING 70M NORTH OF ST MICHAEL' S HOME: the early-C20 laundry is single-storey and faced in rubble stone, with a deep pitched tile roof topped by a stone ridge stack. The south elevation has an off-centre entrance with a two-leaf, twelve-pane window to the left and a four-leaf, twenty four-pane window to the right. The east and west elevations has three, three-leaf, eighteen-pane windows; two on the ground floor and a central window in the roof space above. To the rear is a secondary entrance and further windows. The main laundry room is to the right of the entrance corridor and contains the remnants of the winches, central chimney breast and metal frame in the roof space. There are further utility rooms to the rear.

CEMETERY ENTRANCE GATES AND CENTRAL CROSS: the main CEMETERY ENTRANCE GATES comprise two Bath-stone piers with pyramidal capitals and a wrought-iron gate with cruciform and scroll decoration. The Bath-stone CENTRAL CROSS has a slender shaft topped by a cross. It stands on a hexagonal plinth with chamfered corners and a three-tiered base.


This list entry was subject to a Minor Amendment on 09/09/2015

Sources

Books and journals
Thompson, P, William Butterfield Victorian Architect, (1971)
Hassell, D, Wilson, Z, This Special Place: A History of St. Michael's Home, Axbridge, (2005)

Other
Exhibition catalogue: 'William Butterfield 1814-1900, Pioneer of High Victorian Gothic Revival Architecture'; Fischer Fine Art, King Street, London SW1; March-April 1982; Drawings and Metalwork

End of official list entry

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