First World War pillbox (BA30b), south of Auburn Farm

Summary

First World War pillbox for riflemen, thought to have been built in 1917 as one of a pair to defend the southern flank of a strong point protecting the exit off Auburn Sands/Fraisthorpe Beach.

Reasons for Designation

First World War pillbox (BA30b), approximately 460m south of Auburn Farm, is listed at Grade II for the following principal reasons:

Historic interest:

* Rarity: a rare surviving First World War pillbox, thought to have been amongst the earliest to have been built in England, using techniques developed on the Western Front in 1916;
* Adaptation: the reuse of the Auburn Farm pillboxes in the Second World War adds to their interest;

Architectural interest:

* Design: as illustrations of the early development and use of reinforced concrete for infantry defence;
* Group value: the way in which the pillboxes are arranged as a group of mutually supporting pillboxes forming a strong point is of particular special interest as an illustration of First World War defensive thinking.

History

British concerns about German military ambitions grew steadily during the first decade of the C20 and it was realised that the previous emphasis on the provision of defences along the South Coast of England was misplaced. Work commenced on the provision of new coastal defences for the Humber in about 1913; however, little consideration was given to the possibility of a German invasion. This situation changed dramatically with the German invasion of Belgium, which resulted in Great Britain declaring war on Germany on 4 August 1914. With the German Army lodged in Belgium and eastern France, the East Coast of the British Isles suddenly became vulnerable to attack or invasion. Initially the British Army moved mobile bicycle battalions into the coastal areas and stationed reserves in camps and barracks close to the coast. Fieldworks were prepared along vulnerable lengths of coastline, consisting of trenches, redoubts, barbed wire entanglements, and field-gun emplacements; in addition, extensive hedge clearances were undertaken to improve fields of fire and some pre-existing buildings and farms were fortified. These fieldworks were typical of the time; however, hard lessons learned on the Western Front from 1916 onwards, showed the value of mutually supporting concrete emplacements. These structures in soldiers' slang acquired the term 'pillbox', 'pill box', or 'pillar box'. The term 'pill box' first appeared in print on the front page of The Times newspaper on 2 August 1917. The appearance and distribution of First World War pillboxes in England would suggest a degree of centralised design, with circular, square, rectangular, trapezoidal and hexagonal designs. Some of the Commander Royal Engineers (CRE), responsible for over-seeing the construction work would have had experience of building pillboxes on the Western Front, hence the variations in the choice of designs. Square and rectangular pillboxes dating to the First World War can be found in Kent, Suffolk and Norfolk; however they are all built with much more substantial walls and roofs. Although it is not known precisely when the pillboxes were built at Auburn Farm, they do represent some of the earliest pillboxes in the British Isles and are likely to have been built in 1917.

The disposition of the defences reflect the principle of 'defence in depth', with pillboxes at the rear of the beach, covered by pillboxes further inland, and a strong point created at Auburn Farm, to cover the exit off the beach. The design of the pillbox is much simpler and less robust than those built on the continent at the time, but this may reflect the fact that it was only intended to resist an infantry attack, or that the availability of concrete for its construction was limited. The First World War pillboxes along the East Riding coast are relatively insubstantial and are barely ‘bullet-proof’, let alone 'blast or shell-proof', differing from the substantial 'shell-proof' pillboxes built along the Lincolnshire coast, which had thick reinforced concrete walls that were intended to resist naval artillery bombardment. The East Riding pillboxes were all built using timber plank shuttering, with in-situ poured concrete, reinforced with expanded metal lathing sheets (Expamet), which is exposed in the jambs of the rifle embrasures that have been cut into the walls. The thin wall and roof thickness of these pillboxes, suggest that they were intended to be covered with sandbags or earth, both to give protection and camouflage.

This pillbox is one of a pair that is positioned back to back either side of a hedge line and is thought to have been designed to form part of the rearward defences along the coast, but also to defend the S side of the strong point focused on the exit of the beach through the low cliffs at Auburn Farm.

Details

First World War pillbox for riflemen, probably built 1917.

MATERIALS: in-situ poured reinforced concrete.

PLAN: square plan.

EXTERIOR: the pillbox is one of a pair sited parallel to each other, on either side of a NW / SE aligned hedge and is a mirror image of the other. The structure has a doorway in the NW (rear) wall, a single narrow-splayed rifle embrasure in the NE and SE walls, and the SW wall against the hedge is blind. There is a slot for a timber lintel above the doorway and the jambs are notched to receive a timber door frame. The roof is a flat concrete slab, with an off-set cut section of ceramic pipe, forming a circular vent.

INTERIOR: the interior has a concrete floor and the walls have smooth concrete surfaces, with horizontal plank shuttering witness marks, and no internal features or fittings.

Sources

Books and journals
Kent, P, Fortifications of East Anglia, (1988), 135
Wills, H, Pillboxes: A study of UK defences 1940, (1985), 91
Osbourne, Mike, Pillboxes of Britain and Ireland, (2008), 31 - 56
Oldham, Peter, Pillboxes on the Western Front, (1995), 31
Bird, C, Silent Sentinels - The story of Norfolk's fixed defences during the twentieth century, (1999), 5 - 10
Oldham, Peter, Armageddon's Walls - Britsh pill boxes and bunkers 1914-1918, (2014), 01 - 16

Other
Thomas, RJC, 'Coastal Defence - Monitoring military sites on the Yorkshire coast', The Archaeology of Conflict, Conservation Bulletin No.44 (2003), 12-14
Rapid Coastal Zone Assessment Survey - Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, Field Survey, Selected First and Second World War Monuments, North Yorkshire, East Riding of Yorkshire, Lincolnshire: Phase 3, Parts 1 and 2

End of official list entry

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